Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Yr 2 EOYS > Cancer EOYS3 > Flashcards

Cancer EOYS3 Flashcards

1
Q

Name a drug that targets EGRF mutation [2]

A

Gefitinib or erlotinib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptors:

Name 4 key antibody targets that are GF receptors and / ligands

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

HER2 (no ligand)

HER2/3 (ligand: HER2 can bind to HER3 – activates different pathway)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

State the two main approaches for targeted therapies [2]

A

Antibodies
Small molecules tyrosine kinase inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State difference in antibody and small molecule kinase inhibitors

A

Antibodies:
* high selectivity
* targets are often restricted to the cell surface
* require intravenous or subcutaneous dosing because of their large molecular weight
* Can be conjugated to cytoxic drugs

Small molecule kinase inhibitors:
* vary in selectivity
* Oral
* Bind- ATP binding sites
* Can potentially bind a wider range of extracellular and intracellular targets (> one kinase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the mechanism of antibodies [2] and SMKI [1]

A

Antibody:
* Produce antibodies that target extracellular part of tyrosine kinase receptor
* Inhibits ligand binding or causes the ligand to bind in an area that doesn’t cause dimerization

SMKI:
* Binds to ATP binding pocket & intracellular-P cant occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

State the overall three mechanisms of monoclonal antibodies [3]

A

Killing tumour cell directly

Killing tumour cells via an immune-mediated mechanism

Vascular or stromal ablation: VEGF antagonsim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pertuzumab inhibits which receptor:

HER2
HER2/HER3
EGFR
VEGF

A

Pertuzumab inhibits which receptor:

HER2
HER2/HER3
EGFR
VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe mechansim of trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcycla)?

A

Kadycycla is formed from the conjugate binding of Herceptin with DM1, which is an anti-microtubule agent

Drug is taken up by lysosome.

Within the lysosome: herceptin and DM1 dissociate and are released into cell

DM1 attacks cell tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is first line treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer? [3]

A

Pertuzumab (HER2/HER3 blocker), in combination with trastuzumab (HER2 blocker) and docetaxel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is second line treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer? [2]

A

Trastuzumab - emtansine (Kadcycla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is third line treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer? [2]

A

Trastuzumab-deruxtecan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe overall mechanism of Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (e.g. Tarceva)

A

Tarceva has similar structure to ATP

Binds to ATP binding pocket in the cell membrane causes competitive inhibition in ATP binding pocket-inhibit function of kinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain what a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor is [1]

Name a second gen tyrosine kinase inhibitor for EGFR in NSCLC [1]

A

Drug for the new mutation of the tyrosine kinase receptor

Mutations associated with drug resistance to erlotinib so Osimertinib prescribed (fits the new ATP binding site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which cascade is perhaps the most important oncogenic driver of human cancers?

PI3 Kinase
MAP Kinase
KRAS
AKT

A

Which cascade is perhaps the most important oncogenic driver of human cancers?

PI3 Kinase
MAP Kinase
KRAS
AKT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Monoclonal antibodies and cancer therapy mechanisms:

Explain how killing tumour cells directly via monoclonal antibodies works [4]

A
  • Inhibit ligand binding
  • Or possible delivery of toxic payload
  • Signalling blocked
  • Apoptosis induced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Monoclonal antibodies and cancer therapy mechanisms:

Explain how killing tumour cells directly via an immune-mediated mechanism works [3]

A
  • Induction of phagocytosis
  • Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)
  • Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Monoclonal antibodies and cancer therapy mechanisms:

Explain how killing tumour cells directly via vascular or stromal ablation works [1]

A

VEGF antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cetuximab inhibits which receptor:

HER2
HER2/HER3
EGFR
VEGF

A

Cetuximab inhibits which receptor:

HER2
HER2/HER3
EGFR
VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

,

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two components of Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcycla)? [2]

A

Herceptin (acts as the transporter)
AND
Anti-microtubule agent: DM1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the difference in mechanisms between Herceptin (Trastuzumab) alonve versus Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcycla)

A

Trastuzumab alone stops growth of cancer cells by binding to the HER2 receptor

Trastuzumab emtansine undergoes receptor-mediated internalization (herceptin acts as the transporter) into cells, is catabolized in lysosomes where DM1-containing catabolites are released and subsequently bind tubulin to cause mitotic arrest and cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which drug prevents the HER2/HER3 dimer from forming?

Trastuzumab
Pertuzumab
Cetuximab
Kadcycla

A

Which drug prevents the HER2/HER3 dimer from forming?

Trastuzumab
Pertuzumab
Cetuximab
Kadcycla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which drug stops HER2 binding to another HER2

Trastuzumab
Pertuzumab
Cetuximab
Kadcycla

A

Which drug stops HER2 binding to another HER2

Trastuzumab
Pertuzumab
Cetuximab
Kadcycla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name a small molecule tyrosine kinase Inhibitors [1]

A

Tarceva
(Erlotinib)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name three pathways that are targets for kinase inhibitors [3]
* Transcription * Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling * Proto oncogenes
26
How does HER2 resistance occur?
As tumours develop they acquire mutations. With HER2: **becomes truncated**: extracellular part becomes truncated. As a result, **kinase activity is switched off** (doesn’t need receptor activation to switch on intracellular pathway). As a result Herceptin stops working as there is no binding sit
27
Name a AE of targeting VEGF [1] and EGFR [1]
**VEGF**: High blood pressure **EGFR**: Slow wound healing and blood clotting
28
This rash comes from which cancer drug? [1]
Trastuzumab - rash
29
Describe the effects of HER2 on cardiomyocytes [1]
HER2 inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis [1]
30
Describe the cardiotoxic effects of Trastuzamab [2]
Inhibits HER2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis Get a **decline in left ventricular function** AND **congestive heart failure** Need regular cardiac monitoring
31
Explain a draw back of using antibodies as a targeted therapy [1]
Cannot pass the cell membrane and **must be given IV**
32
What type of radiotherapy would be used for lesions requiring full dose to the surface (skin) to max 2-3cm depth meaningful treatment such as to the following areas: Eyes Skin lesions Post op skin lesions Benign conditions
**Superficial KV photons** Only penetrates a few mm (good for skin lesions)
33
LINAC based treatments utilise what as radiotherapy? [1]
**Electrons**
34
LINAC Electron based treatments are used for lesions in where in body? [4]
Lesions requiring dose closer to the skin Lesions on the skin – using bolus Skin Lymph node regions
35
Where would LINAC based treatments: MV photons (mega voltage) [1] What is dosing regimen like? [1]
More penetrative treatment and dose at depth High dose radical treatments are fractionated (broken up into smaller daily treatments) to deliver treatment safely and avoid damage to adjacent normal tissues/organs
36
What are stereotactic radiotherapy treatments? [1]
Higher dose treatments: **smaller margins, closer monitoring** Often considered ‘radiosurgery’, very targeted
37
What is brachytherapy?
Using radioactive seed or implant to deliver targeted radiotherapy
38
Brachytherapy can be used in which locations? [2]
**Prostate** – implanted radioactive seeds which deposit dose into prostate tissue **Cervix** – radioactive seed Ir192 introduced via rods inserted through the tumour/cervix. Treatment plan created to calculate dwel l time of seed at various positions to deposit dose before removing.
39
What is neoadjuvant chemotherapy? [1]
Treatment given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment is given
40
What is adjuvant chemotherapy? [1]
after primary treatment with surgery or radiotherapy
41
What is concomitant chemotherapy? [1]
Given at the same time as radiotherapy
42
What is the most common platinum agent used for chemotherapy in concomitant therapy? [1]
**cisplatin** given with radiotherapy for SCC- acts as a radiosensitiser in many cases
43
Which type of cancers can chemotherapy act as curative treatment for? [1]
**Germ cell tumours** (testicular, ovarian, mediastinal)
44
What is neo-adjuvent chemotherapy? [1] Name a cancer that is common for [1]
Chemotherapy given **prior to surgery / radiation**: improves patient fitness and operations are smaller / less invasive **Ovarian cancer**
45
What is adjuvent chemotherapy? [1] Give an example of a cancer that its used on [1]
Given **after** radiation / surgery: eradicates evasive cancers **Breast cancer**
46
Name 6 modes of chemotherapy administration [6]
Topical Subcut / IM Oral Intra-arterial Intra-cavity Intrathecal IV
47
# Types of chemotherapy Describe how alkylating agents work
Highly reactive molecules which bind to **electron-rich nucleophilic moieties** on all large and small molecules No specificity but the **chance reaction with DNA** forms basis of anti-tumour effects
48
Give 3 examples of alkylating agent chemotherapy [3]
Cyclophosphamide Ifosfamide Busulfan
49
Name a common AE of alkylating agent [1]
hemorrhagic cystitis: condition in which the lining of the bladder becomes inflamed and starts to bleed.
50
# Types of chemotherapy Describe MoA of platinum agents [1]
Primary mode of cell death is damage to cellular DNA by the **development of covalent adducts**
51
Give 3 examples of planitum agent chemotherapies [3]
Carboplatin Cisplatin Oxaliplatin
52
# Types of chemotherapy Describe MoA of anti-metabolites [2]
Most **antimetabolites** are structural analogs of molecules that are normally involved in the process of cell growth and division They are **incorporated into DNA and/or RNA** and interfere with synthesis by **conveying false messages**
53
Give an example of anti-metabolites [1]
**Methotrexate** (derivate of folic acid)
54
# Types of chemotherapy Describe MoA of TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITORS [1]
DNA Topoisomerases (I & II) are **essential enzymes** that **regulate the topological state of DNA** during **cellular processes** such as r**eplication, transcription and chromatin remodeling.**
55
Name examples of two topoisomerase I and II [4]
**Topoisomerase-I** * Irinotecan * Topotecan **Topoisomerase-II** * Doxorubicin * Epirubicin
56
Which of the following is cardiotoxic and cause dilated cardiomyopathy * Irinotecan * Topotecan * Doxorubicin * Epirubicin
* Irinotecan * Topotecan * **Doxorubicin** * Epirubicin
57
# Types of chemotherapy Describe MoA of tubulin active agents [1] What are the two types? [2] Give two examples of each type [4]
Microtubules are a core component of mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division **Vinca Alkaloids** prevent assembly of microtubules and at higher doses inhibit mitotic spindle formation: * Vinblastine * Vincristine **Taxanes** bind to microtubules; promotes assembly into microtubles and inhibits disassembly * Paclitaxel * Docetaxel
58
Name the 4 misellaneous chemotherapy drugs and explain their MoA [4]
MISCELLANEOUS **Bleomycin** Mixture of **cytotoxic glycopeptide antibiotics** isolated from the fungus streptomyces verticillus that possess both **anti-tumour and anti-bacterial properties** however exact mechanism of action is unknown **Actinomycin-D** Another antibiotic from streptomyces parvullus; it exerts **cytotoxic effects** by **intercalation between guanine-cytosine base pairs** with **inhibition of the synthesis of messenger RNA** **L-Asparaginase** Contains the enzyme L-asparaginase originally isolated from escherichia coli; anti-tumour effect results from rapid and **complete depletion of asparagine in the bloodstream and extracellular space** which **deprives tumour cells of the required amino acids and inhibits protein synthesis** **Trabectedin** Derived from ecteinascidia turbinata; binds to the minor groove of DNA, **bending the helix towards the major groove**, which leads to **interference with the intracellular transcription pathways** and **DNA-repair pathways**
59
Name drugs that target each stage of the cell cycle (G1 / S / G2 / M)
*** G1**: vinblastine *** S:** Methotrexate, 6-Mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil *** G2**: Bleomycin, etoposide, topotecan, daunorubicin *** M**: vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, docetaxel
60
Name some general side effects of chemotherapy [7]
Nausea, vomiting, mouth ulcers, change in taste, diarrhea, constipation Fatigue Bleeding, bruising and risk of life-threatening infection Rash, skin changes, nail changes Change in liver function, cardiac function, lung function, renal function Neuropathy, tinnitus Early menopause, loss of libido and infertility Blood clots Hair loss Allergic reaction
61
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Palmar-Planter Erythrodysesthesia? Capecitabine Bleomycin Doxorubicin Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Palmar-Planter Erythrodysesthesia? **Capecitabine** Bleomycin Doxorubicin Imatinib
62
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Pulmonary Fibrosis? Capecitabine Bleomycin Doxorubicin Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Pulmonary Fibrosis? Capecitabine **Bleomycin** Doxorubicin Imatinib
63
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Raspberry Urine? Capecitabine Bleomycin Doxorubicin Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Raspberry Urine? Capecitabine Bleomycin **Doxorubicin** Imatinib
64
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Peri-Orbital Oedema? Capecitabine Bleomycin Doxorubicin Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Peri-Orbital Oedema? Capecitabine Bleomycin Doxorubicin **Imatinib**
65
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Flagellate Erythema ? Capecitabine Bleomycin Doxorubicin Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Flagellate Erythema ? Capecitabine **Bleomycin** Doxorubicin Imatinib

Yr 2 EOYS (58 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions