MET EOYS8 Flashcards
Which one of the following is aldosterone?
Mineralocorticoid
Catecholamine
Androgens
Glucocorticoid
Which one of the following is aldosterone?
Mineralocorticoid
Catecholamine
Androgens
Glucocorticoid
Which one of the following is cortisol?
Mineralocorticoid
Catecholamine
Androgens
Glucocorticoid
Which one of the following is cortisol?
Mineralocorticoid
Catecholamine
Androgens
Glucocorticoid
A 47-year-old man presents with episodes of a racing heartbeat that occur 4 to 6 times daily and are associated with sweating and facial flushing. In between episodes, he is asymptomatic. Assuming a tumor is the cause of these symptoms, how does the tumor affect blood glucose regulation?
A. Decrease serum glucose and increase insulin secretion
B. Increase serum glucose only
C. Decrease serum glucose only
D. Increase serum glucose and decrease insulin secretion
D. Increase serum glucose and decrease insulin secretion
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes excess catecholamine release.
Catecholamines increase glucagon secretion via beta-2 receptors and activate glycogenolysis. This results in increased serum glucose.
A 48-year-old man embarks on a road trip across the country and becomes stranded in Nevada when his car breaks down. He is without food or water for over 72 hours. A hormone is released from which part of the adrenal gland in response to his hydration status?
A. Zona fasciculata
B. Zona glomerulosa
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Zona reticularis
A 48-year-old man embarks on a road trip across the country and becomes stranded in Nevada when his car breaks down. He is without food or water for over 72 hours. A hormone is released from which part of the adrenal gland in response to his hydration status?
A. Zona fasciculata
B. Zona glomerulosa
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Zona reticularis
Which of the following is the underlying problem in neurogenic diabetes insipidus?
Lack of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Lack of prolactin
Lack of oxytocin
Overproduction of prolactin
Overproduction of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Overproduction of oxytocin
Which of the following is the underlying problem in neurogenic diabetes insipidus?
Lack of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Lack of prolactin
Lack of oxytocin
Overproduction of prolactin
Overproduction of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Overproduction of oxytocin
In males which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen binding globulin (ABG)?
Oxytocin
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
In males which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen binding globulin (ABG)?
Oxytocin
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Which of the following causes of Cushing’s syndrome does the phrase “Cushing’s disease” specifically refer to?
Pituitary adenoma
Adrenal adenoma
Ectopic ACTH production
Iatrogenic
Which of the following causes of Cushing’s syndrome does the phrase “Cushing’s disease” specifically refer to?
Pituitary adenoma
Adrenal adenoma
Ectopic ACTH production
Iatrogenic
Which one of the following statements best describes an Addisonian crisis?
Severe adrenal insufficiency resulting in dangerously low serum cortisol levels
Dangerously high serum cortisol levels
Severe adrenal insufficiency resulting in dangerously low serum testosterone levels
Dangerously high levels of testosterone
Which one of the following statements best describes an Addisonian crisis?
Severe adrenal insufficiency resulting in dangerously low serum cortisol levels
Dangerously high serum cortisol levels
Severe adrenal insufficiency resulting in dangerously low serum testosterone levels
Dangerously high levels of testosterone
Oral glucose tolerance test + Growth hormone measurement
Serum IGF 1 measurement is useful to screen for acromegaly however is not ideal for diagnosis. Measuring growth hormone alone is not useful as it is secreted in a pulsatile matter therefore levels vary greatly throughout the day. The oral glucose tolerance test combined with growth hormone measurement is the ideal combination of investigations to make the diagnosis.
Which of the following investigations is the gold standard for diagnosing acromegaly?
Growth hormone measurement
Oral glucose tolerance test + Growth hormone measurement
Growth hormone releasing hormone measurement
Serum IGF1 measurement
What is the most common cause for the overproduction of growth hormone in acromegaly?
Hypothalamic lesion
Pituitary adenoma
Pituitary lesion
Hyperplasia of the pituitary stalk
What is the most common cause for the overproduction of growth hormone in acromegaly?
Hypothalamic lesion
Pituitary adenoma
Pituitary lesion
Hyperplasia of the pituitary stalk
In around 99% of cases, acromegaly is caused by a pituitary adenoma, specifically overgrowth of the somatotrope cells which are responsible for growth hormone production. In very rare cases acromegaly can be caused by ectopic production of growth hormone by carcinoid tumours.
What is Addison’s disease?
Addison’s disease is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.
Addison’s disease involves the overproduction of androgens by the adrenal medulla.
Addison’s disease involves the underproduction of androgens by the adrenal medulla.
Addison’s disease involves the overproduction of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal cortex.
What is Addison’s disease?
Addison’s disease is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.
Addison’s disease involves the overproduction of androgens by the adrenal medulla.
Addison’s disease involves the underproduction of androgens by the adrenal medulla.
Addison’s disease involves the overproduction of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal cortex.
What is the most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome?
Ectopic ACTH production
Glucocorticoid treatment (iatrogenic)
Adrenal adenoma
Pituitary adenoma
What is the most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome?
Ectopic ACTH production
Glucocorticoid treatment (iatrogenic)
Adrenal adenoma
Pituitary adenoma
The most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome is the long term use of glucocorticoid treatments (steroids). These treatments are commonly used to suppress inflammation in many diseases. If these treatments are used long term they can result in the development of Cushing’s syndrome. As a result, most steroid treatments are only given for short durations with the smallest dose possible.
Which enzyme is most commonly deficient in congenital adrenal hyperplasia? [1]
Which hormones does this mean are increased? [2]
21-hydroxylase
21-hydroxylase needed to produce cortisol and aldosterone; causes more androgens to be made
Which enzyme is the final step in cortisol production?
21-hydroxylase
11B-hydroxylase
5a-reductase
17B-HSD
Which enzyme is the final step in cortisol production?
21-hydroxylase
11B-hydroxylase
5a-reductase
17B-HSD
Which enzyme is the final step in testosterone production?
21-hydroxylase
11B-hydroxylase
5a-reductase
17B-HSD
Which enzyme is the final step in testosterone production?
21-hydroxylase
11B-hydroxylase
5a-reductase
17B-HSD
Which one of the following is most characteristically caused by thiazides?
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hypernatraemia
Which one of the following is most characteristically caused by thiazides?
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hypernatraemia
Side-effects include gastrointestinal upset and lactic acidosis:
Metformin
SGLT-2 Inhibitors
GLP-1 agonists
Thiazolidinediones
Side-effects include gastrointestinal upset and lactic acidosis (common in exams)
Metformin
SGLT-2 Inhibitors
GLP-1 agonists
Thiazolidinediones
What is the effect of GH on gluconeogenesis? [1]
Increases