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Yr 2 EOYS > BB EOYS9 > Flashcards

BB EOYS9 Flashcards

1
Q

Label A-C

A

A: thalamus
B: sensory cortex
C: amygdala

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2
Q

Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the unconscious route that mediates the fear reaction

A.ear → amygdala → cortex → hippocampus → emotional response
B.ear → orbitofrontal cortex → thalamus → emotional response
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
D.ear → thalamus → cortex → emotional response
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.

A

Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the unconscious route that mediates the fear reaction

C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response

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3
Q

Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the conscious route that mediates the fear reaction and also allows appraisal of the stimulus that caused the fear?

A.ear → amygdala → cortex → hippocampus → emotional response
B.ear → orbitofrontal cortex → thalamus → emotional response
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
D.ear → thalamus → cortex → emotional response
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.

A

Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the conscious route that mediates the fear reaction and also allows appraisal of the stimulus that caused the fear?

E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.

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4
Q

Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

A

Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

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5
Q

Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

A

Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

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6
Q

The process of fear learning

The low road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]

The high road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]

A

Low road:
* Thalamus to amygdala

High road:
* Thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdala

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7
Q

What is Urbach-Wiethe disease? [1]

A

Urbach-Wiethe disease:
* rare recessive genetic condition that causes calcium to build up into the amygdala until it wastes away

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8
Q

What does latest research about amygdala suggest about its role? [2]

A

Instead of being responsible for feeling fear or other emotions, amygdala is responsible for:

  • detecting emotional information related to threats and automatically orienting towards the location of potential threats
  • directing other brain areas to pay attention to it in the proper way
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9
Q

Describe the function of the hippocampus [2]

A
  • Labels new experiences with place and time and other parameters
  • This is important info for ‘labelling’ memories to allow them to be stored in the cortex and retrieved when needed.
  • The hippocampus is essential for the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memories
  • Doesn’t store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored in long-term memory.
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10
Q

What are the two forms of amnesia? [2]

A

Retrograde Amnesia: Describes amnesia where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia.

Anterograde Amnesia: Describes amnesia where you can’t form new memories after the event that caused the amnesia

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11
Q

State the type of learning & memories that the hippocampus is responsible for [3]

A

Declarative (explicit) memory:
* Episodic memory: life events
* Semantic memory: general facts and knowledge

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12
Q

Which structures are mostly associated with the emotional limbic system? [2]

Which structures are mostly associated with the memory limbic system? [2]

Do they behave independently or are they connected? [1]

A

Emotional limbic system:
* orbitofrontal cortex
* Amygdala
* associated structures

Memory limbic system:
* Hippocampus & Papez circuit

Act independently but they share cortical nodes when an emotional state is connected to an episodic memory episode

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13
Q

Which areas of the brain connects rewards to appropriate actions? [3]

A

Anterior cingulate gyrus
Subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus
Orbitofrontal cortex

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14
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for representation of values of primary re-inforcers and various stimuli, events or goals? [1]

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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15
Q

What is the role of the insula? [1]

A

Emotional aspect of risk taking

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16
Q

The fornix axons end in the [] and the [] of the hypothalamus

A

The fornix axons end in the septal nuclei and the mammillary body of the hypothalamus

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17
Q

Describe the route for information of Papezs circuit

A
  1. Information goes from the cingulate cortex to the parahippocampal gyrus
  2. Information goes from the parahippocampal cortex to the hippocampus
  3. Information from the hippocampus goes along the fornix to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
  4. Information goes from the hypothalamus to the anterior thalamus
  5. Information goes from the anterior thalamus back to the cingulate cortex
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18
Q

Label A&B [2]

A

A: septal nucleus
B: nucleus accumbens

19
Q

State the role of the nucleus accumbens [1]

A

The accumbens (ventral striatum) is involved in the initiation and termination of behaviours (motor actions) that activate reward pathways

For example, the act of chewing and swallowing are rewarding as they immediately precede food entering the stomach (which releases peptides that act to trigger reward pathways in the brain.

20
Q

The cingulate gyrus recieves input from which tract? [1]

Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal

A

The cingulate gyrus recieves input from which tract? [1]

Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal

21
Q

Pavlovs dogs is an example of what type of conditioning? [1]

Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Emotional conditioning

A

Classical conditioning

22
Q

You got scared when a dog barked angrily at you entering his owners house. What term is used to describe the dog barking?

Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response

A

Unconditional stimulus (expect to be scared)

23
Q

Define emotional conditioning

A

A form of classical conditioning in which a subject associates a perceptual information
(e.g. see, hear) to an emotional response (e.g. happiness, anxiety, sadness, pain).

24
Q

What term is given for the fur coat after Albert was conditioned?

Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response

A

What term is given for the fur coat after Albert was conditioned?

Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response

25
Q

What is the term give for the horrible tasting substance used to avoid onychiphagia?

Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response

A

What is the term give for the horrible tasting substance used to avoid onychiphagia?

Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response (know it causes nasty taste)

26
Q

Describe flooding therapy [1]

A

Actual exposure to the stimulus or its image of fear (e.g. arachnophobic patient locked in a room full of spiders for 2 hours).

27
Q

Describe implosion therapy [1]

A

Implosion therapy: No direct contact to the stimulus of fear (e.g. imagine a spider). Then the imagined scene is exaggerated by the therapist (e.g. imagine spiders crawling out of your mouth).

28
Q

Describe Systematic desensitization (Relaxation)

A

Behaviourist’s learning theory is abnormal behaviour has been learned, so concentrate on unlearning
this negative behaviour by replacing one response (e.g. anxiety) with another response (e.g. relaxation).

29
Q

Explain the three stages of systematic desenitisation

A

Stage 1 (Relaxation): Patient taught deep muscle relaxation/meditation.

Stage 2 (fear hierarchy): Patient create a ranked list of fear hierarchy (i.e. least fear to the most fear).

Stage 3 (Exposure): Over a period of time, patient are exposed to the fear with the least fear first. Relaxation/meditation are used to overcome the fear. Once surpassed fear, patient moves to the next fear level. If patient is too upset, then return back to the earlier step.

30
Q

Describe target economy

A

Targeted behaviours using tokens (secondary reinforcer) and later exchanged for reward
(primary reinforcer).

31
Q

Describe contingency management [2]

A

Utilizes a formal written contract between patient and therapist.

Outlines an agreement in the behavioural change goals, reinforcements, rewards that will be given, and penalties for failing.

32
Q

Describe extinction

A

Produce behaviour change by stopping the reinforcing behaviour in order to remove the response.

33
Q

In an experiment to condition a dog to salivate, pre-conditioning what term is used to describe the bell ringing? [1]

A

Neutral stimulus

34
Q

Which of the following is the site of most photodensity?

Fovea
Retina
Lens
Macula

A

Which of the following is the site of most photodensity?

Fovea
Retina
Lens
Macula

35
Q

1 is the

Anterior fonatelle
Sphenoid fonatelle
Metopic fonatelle
Mastoid fonatelle

A

1 is the

Anterior fonatelle
Sphenoid fonatelle
Metopic fonatelle
Mastoid fonatelle

36
Q

which foramen is this?

foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
​Carotid canal

A

foramen ovale

37
Q
A

foramen spinosum

38
Q

Label 26 [1]

A

foramen ovale

39
Q

Label 27 & 28 [2]

A

foramen spinosum
foramen lacerum

40
Q

Label 29 [1]

A

carotid canal

41
Q

Label 66 & 67 [2]

A

superior semicircular canal
posterior semicircular canal

42
Q

which foramen is this?

Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
Foreman rotundum

A

Foreman rotundum

43
Q

which foramen is this?

Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
Foreman rotundum

A

Foramen lacerum

Yr 2 EOYS (58 decks)

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