BB EOYS9 Flashcards
Label A-C
A: thalamus
B: sensory cortex
C: amygdala
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the unconscious route that mediates the fear reaction
A.ear → amygdala → cortex → hippocampus → emotional response
B.ear → orbitofrontal cortex → thalamus → emotional response
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
D.ear → thalamus → cortex → emotional response
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the unconscious route that mediates the fear reaction
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the conscious route that mediates the fear reaction and also allows appraisal of the stimulus that caused the fear?
A.ear → amygdala → cortex → hippocampus → emotional response
B.ear → orbitofrontal cortex → thalamus → emotional response
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
D.ear → thalamus → cortex → emotional response
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the conscious route that mediates the fear reaction and also allows appraisal of the stimulus that caused the fear?
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
The process of fear learning
The low road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]
The high road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]
Low road:
* Thalamus to amygdala
High road:
* Thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdala
What is Urbach-Wiethe disease? [1]
Urbach-Wiethe disease:
* rare recessive genetic condition that causes calcium to build up into the amygdala until it wastes away
What does latest research about amygdala suggest about its role? [2]
Instead of being responsible for feeling fear or other emotions, amygdala is responsible for:
- detecting emotional information related to threats and automatically orienting towards the location of potential threats
- directing other brain areas to pay attention to it in the proper way
Describe the function of the hippocampus [2]
- Labels new experiences with place and time and other parameters
- This is important info for ‘labelling’ memories to allow them to be stored in the cortex and retrieved when needed.
- The hippocampus is essential for the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memories
- Doesn’t store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored in long-term memory.
What are the two forms of amnesia? [2]
Retrograde Amnesia: Describes amnesia where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia.
Anterograde Amnesia: Describes amnesia where you can’t form new memories after the event that caused the amnesia
State the type of learning & memories that the hippocampus is responsible for [3]
Declarative (explicit) memory:
* Episodic memory: life events
* Semantic memory: general facts and knowledge
Which structures are mostly associated with the emotional limbic system? [2]
Which structures are mostly associated with the memory limbic system? [2]
Do they behave independently or are they connected? [1]
Emotional limbic system:
* orbitofrontal cortex
* Amygdala
* associated structures
Memory limbic system:
* Hippocampus & Papez circuit
Act independently but they share cortical nodes when an emotional state is connected to an episodic memory episode
Which areas of the brain connects rewards to appropriate actions? [3]
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus
Orbitofrontal cortex
Which area of the brain is responsible for representation of values of primary re-inforcers and various stimuli, events or goals? [1]
Orbitofrontal cortex
What is the role of the insula? [1]
Emotional aspect of risk taking
The fornix axons end in the [] and the [] of the hypothalamus
The fornix axons end in the septal nuclei and the mammillary body of the hypothalamus
Describe the route for information of Papezs circuit
- Information goes from the cingulate cortex to the parahippocampal gyrus
- Information goes from the parahippocampal cortex to the hippocampus
- Information from the hippocampus goes along the fornix to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
- Information goes from the hypothalamus to the anterior thalamus
- Information goes from the anterior thalamus back to the cingulate cortex
Label A&B [2]
A: septal nucleus
B: nucleus accumbens
State the role of the nucleus accumbens [1]
The accumbens (ventral striatum) is involved in the initiation and termination of behaviours (motor actions) that activate reward pathways
For example, the act of chewing and swallowing are rewarding as they immediately precede food entering the stomach (which releases peptides that act to trigger reward pathways in the brain.
The cingulate gyrus recieves input from which tract? [1]
Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal
The cingulate gyrus recieves input from which tract? [1]
Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal
Pavlovs dogs is an example of what type of conditioning? [1]
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Emotional conditioning
Classical conditioning
You got scared when a dog barked angrily at you entering his owners house. What term is used to describe the dog barking?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
Unconditional stimulus (expect to be scared)
Define emotional conditioning
A form of classical conditioning in which a subject associates a perceptual information
(e.g. see, hear) to an emotional response (e.g. happiness, anxiety, sadness, pain).
What term is given for the fur coat after Albert was conditioned?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
What term is given for the fur coat after Albert was conditioned?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
What is the term give for the horrible tasting substance used to avoid onychiphagia?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
What is the term give for the horrible tasting substance used to avoid onychiphagia?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response (know it causes nasty taste)
Describe flooding therapy [1]
Actual exposure to the stimulus or its image of fear (e.g. arachnophobic patient locked in a room full of spiders for 2 hours).
Describe implosion therapy [1]
Implosion therapy: No direct contact to the stimulus of fear (e.g. imagine a spider). Then the imagined scene is exaggerated by the therapist (e.g. imagine spiders crawling out of your mouth).
Describe Systematic desensitization (Relaxation)
Behaviourist’s learning theory is abnormal behaviour has been learned, so concentrate on unlearning
this negative behaviour by replacing one response (e.g. anxiety) with another response (e.g. relaxation).
Explain the three stages of systematic desenitisation
Stage 1 (Relaxation): Patient taught deep muscle relaxation/meditation.
Stage 2 (fear hierarchy): Patient create a ranked list of fear hierarchy (i.e. least fear to the most fear).
Stage 3 (Exposure): Over a period of time, patient are exposed to the fear with the least fear first. Relaxation/meditation are used to overcome the fear. Once surpassed fear, patient moves to the next fear level. If patient is too upset, then return back to the earlier step.
Describe target economy
Targeted behaviours using tokens (secondary reinforcer) and later exchanged for reward
(primary reinforcer).
Describe contingency management [2]
Utilizes a formal written contract between patient and therapist.
Outlines an agreement in the behavioural change goals, reinforcements, rewards that will be given, and penalties for failing.
Describe extinction
Produce behaviour change by stopping the reinforcing behaviour in order to remove the response.
In an experiment to condition a dog to salivate, pre-conditioning what term is used to describe the bell ringing? [1]
Neutral stimulus
Which of the following is the site of most photodensity?
Fovea
Retina
Lens
Macula
Which of the following is the site of most photodensity?
Fovea
Retina
Lens
Macula
1 is the
Anterior fonatelle
Sphenoid fonatelle
Metopic fonatelle
Mastoid fonatelle
1 is the
Anterior fonatelle
Sphenoid fonatelle
Metopic fonatelle
Mastoid fonatelle
which foramen is this?
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Label 26 [1]
foramen ovale
Label 27 & 28 [2]
foramen spinosum
foramen lacerum
Label 29 [1]
carotid canal
Label 66 & 67 [2]
superior semicircular canal
posterior semicircular canal
which foramen is this?
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
Foreman rotundum
Foreman rotundum
which foramen is this?
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
Foreman rotundum
Foramen lacerum
