Med Term 9 Flashcards
means constant
home/o
means control
-stasis
the major waste product of protein metabolism
urea
excreted from the body via the urinary bladder, converted from waste products and excess fluids
urine
consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and a urethra
urinary tract, aka urinary system
constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water
kidneys
means pertaining to the kidneys
renal
means kidney
ren/o
the outer region of the kidney, contains nephrons
renal cortex
the inner region of the kidney, contains most tubules
medulla
a functional unit of the kidney, form urine by the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
nephron
a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman’s capsule, contained in each nephron
glomerulus
the pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color
urochrome
means urine
ur/o
means color
-chrome
the funnel-shaped area within each kidney that is surrounded by renal cortex and medulla, where newly formed urine collects before it flows into the ureters
renal pelvis
two narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder
ureters
a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body
urinary bladder
the smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder located between the openings of the ureters and urethra
trigone
the tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body
urethra
the external opening of the urethra, aka urinary meatus
urethral meatus
approx. 1.5 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina
female urethra
approx. 8 inches long and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis, transports both urine and semen
male urethra
surrounds the urethra and is part of the male reproductive system, disorders affect the ability to urinate
prostate gland
the expulsion of urine, requires coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and the relaxation of the sphincters
urination
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys
nephrologist
means kidney
nephr/o
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
urologist
the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions
renal failure, aka kidney failure
a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea is retained in the blood
uremia, aka uremic poisoning
means condition of the blood
-emia
has a sudden onset and is characterized by uremia.
acute renal failure (ARF)
the progressive loss of renal function, sometimes leading to uremia, which is caused by a variety of conditions such as kidney disease, DM, or hypertension
chronic renal failure
refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys. without dialysis or transplant, condition is fatal
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
a condition in which hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia cause acute renal failure and possibly death, can be from E. coli
hemolytic uremic syndrome
a condition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine and abnormally low levels of protein are present in the blood
nephrotic syndrome
any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome without inflammation
nephrosis
the absence of urine formation by the kidneys
anuria
excessive fluid in the body tissues
edema
the presence of abnormally high concentration of protein in the urine
hyperproteinuria
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
hypoproteinemia
means any disease of the kidney
nephropathy
the dilation of one or both kidneys, can be caused by backing up of urine
hydronephrosis
the distention of the pelvis of the kidney
nephrectasis
means enlargement or stretching
-ectasis
an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys
nephritis
a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
glomerulonephritis, aka Bright’s disease
means glomeruli
glomerul/o
the prolapse of a kidney
nephroptosis, aka floating kidney
suppuration of the kidney
nephropyosis, aka pyonephrosis
a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. reduced kidney function and leads to kidney failure
polycystic kidney disease
an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone
renal colic
a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. high cure rate if treated promptly
Wilms tumor
an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body. vary in size, named for originating organ, formed by crystalized waste products of urine
stone, aka calculus
describes the presence of stones in the kidney
nephrolithiasis
means the presence of stones
-lithiasis
stone found in the kidney
nephrolith, aka renal calculus or kidney stone
means stone
-lith
a stone located anywhere along the ureter
ureterolith
means ureter
ureter/o, -ureter
a stone located within the urinary bladder
cystolith
means bladder
cyst/o
the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
hydroureter
means water
hydr/o
the distention of a ureter
ureterectasis
the discharge of blood from the ureter
ureterorrhagia
infection that usually begins in the bladder, but can affect all or part of the urinary system. frequent in women
urinary tract infection (UTI)
an inflammation of the urethra
urethritis
an inflammation of the bladder
cystitis
an inflammation of the renal pelvis
pyelitis
an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney, usually caused by a bacterial infection spread up from the bladder
pyelonephritis
means pain in the urinary bladder
cystalgia, aka cystodynia
a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
cystocele, aka fallen bladder
a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder, does not respond to traditional treatment
interstitial cystitis
an inflammation of the urinary bladder that is localized in the region of the trigone
trigonitis
means trigon
trigon/o
an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
vesicovaginal fistula
means bladder
vesic/o
means vagina
vagin/o
a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
neurogenic bladder
means created by
-genic
bleeding from the urethra
urethrorrhagia
means urethra
urethr/o
an abnormal discharge from the urethra
urethrorrhea
narrowing of the urethra
urethrostenosis
a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening, upper surface of the male, clitoral region of the femal
epispadias
a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening, under surface of the male, into the vagina of the female
hypospadias
a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the side of the penis
paraspadias
an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50
benign prostatic hypertrophy
the condition of having symtoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hypertrophy
prostatism
one of the most common cancers among men, can grow slowly with no symptoms or aggressively and spread throughout the body
prostate cancer
an inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
means prostate gland
prostat/o
the increased output of urine
diuresis
means increasing the output of urine
diur/o
difficult or painful urination
dysuria
the involuntary discharge or urine
enuresis
means into
en-
urinary incontinence during sleep
nocturnal enuresis
excessive urination during the night
nocturia
means night
noct/o
means scanty urination
oliguria
means scanty
olig/o
means excessive urination
polyuria
means many
poly-
difficulty in starting a urinary stream
urinary hesitancy
mean the inability to control the excretion of urine and feces
incontinence
the inability to control the voiding of urine
urinary incontinence
the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
stress incontinence
occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active
overactive bladder, aka urge incontinence
the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
urinalysis
means a study of the parts
-analysis
the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination
bladder ultrasound
the insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, also to assist in removal of urine in those who can’t themselves
catheterization
a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter
cystography
the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
cystoscopy
a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters, using contrast medium
intravenous pyelogram
more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen
computed tomography (CT scan)
a radiographic study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder without contrast medium
KUB
a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract
retrograde urography
a diagnostic procedure in which a fluorscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
voiding cystourethrography
performed on men to screen for prostate enlargement, infection, and indications of prostate cancer
digital rectal examination
used to screen for prostate cancer
prostate-specific antigen
medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt
diuretics
a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function
dialysis
means complete or through
dia-
means separation
-lysis
the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood
hemodialysis
where the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood, used in certain types of poisoning
peritoneal dialysis
the freeing of a kidney from adhesions
nephrolysis
the surgical fixation of a floating kidney
nephropexy
the establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body
nephrostomy
the surgical repair of the renal pelvis
pyeloplasty
a surgical incision into the renal pelvis
pyelotomy
the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient’s failed kidneys
renal transplantation, aka kidney transplant
the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
means to crush a stone
lithotripsy
means to crush
-tripsy
the surgical removal of a nephrolith through an incision in the kidney
nephrolithotomy
performed by making a small incision in the back and inserting a nephroscope to crush and remove a kidney stone
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
the surgical removal of a ureter
ureterectomy
the surgical repair of a ureter
ureteroplasty
the surgical suturing of a ureter
ureterorrhaphy
the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
cystectomy
the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystopexy
the surgical suturing of the bladder
cystorrhaphy
a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder
lithotomy
performed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder
urethral catheterization
catheter that remains inside the body for a prolonged time
indwelling catheter
the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
suprapubic catheterization
a surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening
meatotomy
means meatus
meat/o
the surgical fixation of the urethra, usually to correct stress incontinence
urethropexy
the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin
urethrostomy
a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
urethrotomy
describes the removal of a body part or destruction of its function, used to treat some types of prostate cancer
ablation
the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland
prostatectomy
means prostate
prostat/o
the removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a resectoscope
transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)
a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women
Kegel exercises
a program of urinating on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals, to reestablish voluntary bladder control
bladder retraining
