Med Term 4 Flashcards
the long, slender cells that make up muscles
muscle fibers
the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles or groups of muscles
fascia (plu. fasciae or fascias)
means pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
myofascial
means fascia
fasci
a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
tendon
muscles attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
skeletal muscles, aka voluntary, striated
muscles located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
smooth muscle, aka involuntary, unstriated, visceral
these form the muscular walls of the heart
myocardial muscles, aka myocardium or cardiac muscles
means heart
cardi
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
muscle innervation
means pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle
neuromuscular
means muscles
muscul
means nerve
neur/o
the tightening of a muscle
contraction
occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
relaxation
the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
abduction
to lead
duct
means action
-ion
the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
adduction
means decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
flexion
means to bend
flex
means increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening of a limb
extension
means to stretch out
tens
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
hyperextension
the act of raising or lifting a body part, such as raising the ribs when breathing in
elevation
a muscle that raises a body part
levator
a muscle that straightens a limb or joint
extensor
a muscle that bends a limb or joint
flexor
a muscle that moves a part toward the midline
adductor
a muscle that moves a part away from the midline
abductor
the act of lowering a body part, such as lowering the ribs when breathing out
depression
a muscle that lowers a body part
depressor
a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
rotation
the circular movement of a limb at the far end
circumduction
muscle that turns a body part on it’s axis
rotator muscle
group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint
rotator cuff
the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand, or sole of the foot, is turned forward or upward
supination
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backwards
pronation
the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
plantar flexion
pertaining to the sole of the foot
plantar
the less moveable attachment that is the place where the muscle begins
origin
the more moveable attachment that is the place where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon
insertion
means slanted or at an angle
oblique
means in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
rectus
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
sphincter
means in a crosswise direction
transverse
muscle formed from two divisions, located on the anterior upper arm and flexes the elbow
biceps brachii, aka biceps
formed from three divisions and is the muscle of the posterior upper arm that extends the elbow
triceps brachii, aka triceps
means two
bi-
means three
tri-
means head
-ceps
the largest muscle of the buttock
gluteus maximus
muscle that forms the muscular cap of the shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle
deltoid muscle
muscle group that consists of three separate muscles, located at the back of the upper leg: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
hamstring group
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
exercise physiologist
a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
neurologist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
physiatrist
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia and tendonitis
rheumatologist
physician that specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
sports medicine physician
the inflammation of a fascia
fasciitis, aka fascitis
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms
fibromyalgia syndrome
means fibrous connective tissue
fibr/o
means condition causing weakness
debilitating
pain in a tendon
tenodynia, aka tenalgia
means tendon
ten/o, tendon
an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
tendinitis (tendonitis, tenonitis, tenontitis)
a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems, having symptoms similar to fibromyalgia syndrome
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
adhesion
means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
atrophy
means tenderness or pain in the muscles
myalgia, aka myodynia
the herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
myocele
means a hernia
-cele
the degeneration of muscle tissue
myolysis
abnormal softening of muscle tissue
myomalacia
the rupture or tearing of a muscle
myorrhexis
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
polymyositis
means many
poly-
means muscle
myos
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
sarcopenia
means flesh
sarc/o
means deficiency
-penia
the state of balanced muscle tension
muscle tone, aka tonus
means lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atonic
means without
a-
means tone
ton
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles
hypertonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
hypotonia
a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction
myotonia
the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement
ataxia
means coordination
tax
a mild form of ataxia
dystaxia, aka partial ataxia
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
contracture
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
intermittent claudication
means limping
claudication
means coming and going at intervals
intermittent
a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
spasm
a localized muscle spasm named for its cause, such as a heat cramp or writer’s cramp
cramp
a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
spasmodic torticollis, aka wryneck
extreme slowness in movement
bradykinesia
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm
dyskinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hyperkinesia, aka hyperactivity
abnormally decreased muscle function or activity
hypokinesia
means slow
brady-
means movement
kines
the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myoclonus
means violent action
clon
the jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep
nocturnal myoclonus
myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
singultus, aka hiccups
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
myasthenia gravis
means weakness or lack of strength
-asthenia
latin meaning grave or serious
gravis
general term that describes a group of more that 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
muscular dystrophy, aka muscular dystrophies
most common muscular dystrophy, affecting primarily boys between 3-5 and can’t walk by 12, needing a respirator
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports
repetitive stress disorders, aka repetitive motion disorders
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
compartment syndrome
minor tissue injuries that have not been given the time to heal
overuse injuries
inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
overuse tendinitis, aka overuse tendinosis
a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body, caused by the development of trigger points, and produces local and referred muscle pain
myofascial pain syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
impingement syndrome
an inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
rotator cuff tendinitis, aka tennis shoulder or pitcher’s shoulder
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
ruptured rotator cuff
occurs when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
carpal tunnel syndrom
the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve nerve pressure
carpal tunnel release
a harmless fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
ganglion cyst
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
epicondylitis
means on
epi-
means condyle
condyl
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis
heel spur
an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
plantar fasciitis
an injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament
sprain
an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
strain
a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia
shin splint
a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee
hamstring injury
a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
Achilles tendinitis
an injury causing paralysis in a location determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury
spinal cord injury
means the person has some function below the level of the injury, even though it isn’t normal
incomplete injury
complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury
complete injury
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
paralysis (plu. paralyses)
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
myoparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
hemiparesis
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
hemiplegia
means paralysis
-plegia
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
paraplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
quadriplegia
means four
quadr/i
paralysis of heart muscle
cardioplegia, aka cardiac arrest
reflexes tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
an involuntary response to a stimulus
reflex
a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
range of motion testing (ROM)
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
electromyography
means electricity
electr/o
a diagnostic procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle
electroneuromyography, aka nerve conduction studies
administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
antispasmodic, aka anticholingeric
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
skeletal muscle relaxant
a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
neuromuscular blocker, aka neuromuscular blocking agent
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
ergonomics
consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in normalizing their ability to perform the activities of daily living
occupational therapy
activities including bathing, grooming, brushing teeth, eating, and dressing
activities of daily living (ADL)
treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of exercise, heat, massage, and other methods to improve circulation, flexibility, and muscle strength
physical therapy
a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of certain conditions
myofascial release
utilizes high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within the muscle tissue
therapeutic ultrasound
most common first aid treatment of muscular injuries
RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
fasciotomy
the surgical repair of fascia
fascioplasty
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenodesis
means to bind or tie together
-desis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
tenolysis, aka tendolysis
the surgical resection of a portion of a tendon or tendon sheath
tenectomy, aka tenonectomy
the surgical repair of a tendon
tenoplasty, aka tendinoplasty
the surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
the surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle, such as strabismus
tenotomy, aka tendotomy
the surgical excision of a portion of a muscle
myectomy
the surgical repair of a muscle
myoplasty
the surgical suturing of a muscle wound
myorrhaphy
the surgical incision into a muscle
myotomy
