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Med Term 5 Flashcards

1
Q

consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

means heart

A

cardi/o

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3
Q

means blood vessels

A

vascul

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4
Q

a hollow, muscular organ located between the lungs. A very effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain blood flow throughout the body

A

heart

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5
Q

the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

A

pericardium, aka pericardial sac

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6
Q

the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

A

epicardium

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7
Q

means upon

A

epi-

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8
Q

the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers and consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue

A

myocardium, aka myocardial muscle

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9
Q

consists of epithelial tissue and is the inner lining of the heart

A

endocardium

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10
Q

means within

A

endo-

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11
Q

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

A

coronary arteries

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12
Q

the two upper chambers of the heart. Receive blood, all blood vessels coming into the heart enter here

A

atria

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13
Q

the two lower chambers of the heart. pumping chambers, and all blood vessels leaving the heart emerge from here

A

ventricles

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14
Q

means ventricle

A

ventricul

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15
Q

valve that controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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16
Q

valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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17
Q

valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

mitral valve, aka bicuspid valve

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18
Q

valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

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19
Q

receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae

A

right atrium

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20
Q

pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs

A

right ventricle

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21
Q

receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins, where blood then flows out through the mitral valve, to the left ventricle

A

left atrium

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22
Q

receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium, then out the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta

A

left ventricle

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23
Q

the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

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24
Q

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

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25
Q

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

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26
Q

includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

A

systemic circulation

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27
Q

located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, establishes basic rhythm and rate of heart beat

A

sinoatrial node, aka SA node

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28
Q

located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum, and receives impulses from the SA node

A

atrioventricular node

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29
Q

a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum that receive impulses from the AV node, and carry them to ensure the sequence of heart contractions

A

bundle of His (HISS)

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30
Q

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles that relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles, causing them to contract

A

Purkinje fibers

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31
Q

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

A

arteries

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32
Q

the largest blood vessel in the body and the main trunk of the arterial system and begins from the left ventricle of the heart

A

aorta

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33
Q

the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

A

carotid arteries

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34
Q

smaller, thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries

A

arterioles

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35
Q

form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

A

veins

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36
Q

the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins

A

venules

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37
Q

the two largest veins in the body

A

venae cavae

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38
Q

the smallest blood vessels in the body, only one epithelial cell in thickness

A

capillaries

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39
Q

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

A

pulse

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40
Q

the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

A

blood pressure

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41
Q

the highest pressure against the walls of an artery, which occurs when the ventricles contract

A

systolic pressure

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42
Q

the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery, which occurs when the ventricles are relaxed

A

diastolic pressure

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43
Q

the fluid tissue in the body

A

blood

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44
Q

a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

A

plasma

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45
Q

the clotting proteins found in plasma

A

fibrinogen and prothrombin

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46
Q

plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

A

serum

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47
Q

mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow

A

erythrocytes, aka red blood cells

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48
Q

the iron-containing pigment of the erythrocytes

A

hemoglobin

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49
Q

the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances

A

leukocytes, aka white blood cells

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50
Q

the most common type of WBC, formed in red bone marrow

A

neutrophils

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51
Q

the least common type of WBC, formed in red bone marrow

A

basophils

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52
Q

destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions, formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body

A

eosinophils

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53
Q

these identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them

A

lymphocytes

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54
Q

provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms through phagocytosis

A

monocytes

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55
Q

the smallest formed elements of the blood

A

thrombocytes, aka platelets

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56
Q

means clot

A

thromb/o

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57
Q

classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens

A

blood types

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58
Q

four major blood types

A

A, AB, B, O

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59
Q

refers to the presence, or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells

A

Rh factor

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60
Q

gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood

A

blood gases

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61
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart

A

cardiologist

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62
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues

A

hematologist

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63
Q

means blood

A

hemat, -emia

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64
Q

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

A

vascular surgeon

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65
Q

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth

A

congenital heart defects

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66
Q

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle

A

coronary artery disease

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67
Q

hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

A

atherosclerosis

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68
Q

a fatty deposit that is similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe, found within the lumen of an artery

A

plaque

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69
Q

a characteristic of atherosclerosis, and is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall

A

atheroma

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70
Q

a group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart

A

ischemic heart disease

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71
Q

a condition in which there is an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow by to a part of the body

A

ischemia

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72
Q

means to hold back

A

isch

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73
Q

a condition of episodes of severe chestpain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

A

angina

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74
Q

the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

A

myocardial infarction, aka heart attack

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75
Q

occurs most commonly in the elderly, and is a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives

A

heart failure, aka congestive heart failure

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76
Q

the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure when the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for the loss of its pumping ability

A

cardiomegaly

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77
Q

an inflammation of the heart

A

carditis

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78
Q

means heart

A

card/o

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79
Q

an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

A

endocarditis

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80
Q

means within

A

endo-

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81
Q

an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

A

bacterial endocarditis

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82
Q

an inflammation of the myocardium, possibly caused by a viral infection

A

myocarditis

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83
Q

an inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac

A

pericarditis

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84
Q

the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

A

cardiomyopathy

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85
Q

an abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels, most often caused by defective heart valves

A

heart murmur

86
Q

an inflammation of a heart valve

A

valvulitis

87
Q

means valve

A

valvul

88
Q

the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

A

valvular prolapse

89
Q

means the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part

A

prolapse

90
Q

a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

A

valvular stenosis

91
Q

an event in which the heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood

A

cardiac arrest

92
Q

results if treatment is not provided within a few minutes of cardiac arrest

A

sudden cardiac death

93
Q

describes an abnormality, or the loss of the normal rhythm, of the heartbeat

A

arrhythmia

94
Q

an abnormally slow resting heart rate, less than 60 bpm

A

bradycardia

95
Q

an abnormally rapid resting heart rate, greater than 100 bpm

A

tachycardia

96
Q

a pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm

A

palpitation

97
Q

occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall

A

atrial fibrillation, aka A fib

98
Q

means fast, uncontrolled heart beat

A

fibrillation

99
Q

an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium

A

paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, aka PAT

100
Q

the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

A

ventricular fibrillation, aka V fib

101
Q

a very rapid heart beat that begins within the ventricles

A

ventricular tachycardia, aka V tach

102
Q

the inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel

A

angiitis

103
Q

means vessel

A

angi/o

104
Q

the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

A

angiostenosis

105
Q

a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

A

hemangioma

106
Q

a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

A

hypoperfusion

107
Q

a form of angiitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time

A

polyarteritis, aka polyarteritis nodosa

108
Q

refers to disorders of the blood vessels located outside the heart and brain

A

peripheral vascular disease

109
Q

an example of a peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis

A

peripheral arterial occlusive disease, aka peripheral artery disease

110
Q

a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon

111
Q

a localized weak spot, or balloon-like enlargement, of the wall of an artery

A

aneurysm

112
Q

any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

A

arteriosclerosis

113
Q

a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves

A

chronic venous insufficiency, aka venous insufficiency

114
Q

the inflammation of a vein

A

phlebitis

115
Q

means vein

A

phleb

116
Q

abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs

A

varicose veins

117
Q

the abnormal condition of having a thrombus

A

thrombosis

118
Q

means clot

A

thromb

119
Q

a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

A

thrombus

120
Q

the blocking of an artery by a thrombus

A

thrombotic occlusion

121
Q

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

A

coronary thrombosis

122
Q

means crown

A

coron

123
Q

the condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT), aka deep venous thrombosis

124
Q

the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

A

embolism

125
Q

means something inserted

A

embol

126
Q

means condition

A

-ism

127
Q

a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood

A

embolus

128
Q

any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

A

blood dyscrasia

129
Q

means a mixture or blending

A

-crasia

130
Q

a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron

A

hemochromatosis, aka iron overload disease

131
Q

means color

A

chromat

132
Q

describes any situation in which the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is less than normal

A

leukopenia

133
Q

means deficiency

A

-penia

134
Q

an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow

A

polycythemia

135
Q

a systemic condition caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via the circulating blood

A

septicemia, aka blood poisoning

136
Q

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

A

thrombocytopenia

137
Q

an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

A

thrombocytosis

138
Q

the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

A

hemorrhage

139
Q

a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match

A

transfusion reaction

140
Q

a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body

A

cholesteral

141
Q

the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

A

hyperlipidemia, aka hyperlipemia

142
Q

means fat

A

lipid

143
Q

a group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

A

myelodysplastic syndrome, aka preleukemia

144
Q

a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes

A

leukemia

145
Q

a lower than normal number of erythrocytes in the blood

A

anemia

146
Q

without or less than

A

an-

147
Q

characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia

148
Q

means without

A

a-

149
Q

means growth

A

plast

150
Q

a condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of them by the spleen

A

hemolytic anemia

151
Q

means to destroy

A

-lytic

152
Q

the most common form of aneamia, where blood cannot carry oxygen effectively due to low amounts of iron

A

iron-deficiency anemia

153
Q

a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal

A

megaloblastic anemia

154
Q

caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract

A

pernicious anemia

155
Q

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

A

sickle cell anemia

156
Q

an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal

A

thalassemia

157
Q

the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

A

hypertension, aka high blood pressure

158
Q

lower than normal arterial blood pressure

A

hypotension

159
Q

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

A

orthostatic hypotension, aka postural hypotension

160
Q

a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

A

angiography

161
Q

a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a fein or artery and then guided into the heart

A

cardiac catheterization

162
Q

combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing the soft tissue and bones from the images

A

digital subtraction angiography

163
Q

a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through the vessels

A

duplex ultrasound

164
Q

a radiographic test that provides an image of the leg veins after a contrast dye is injected into a vein in the patient’s foot

A

phlebography, aka venography

165
Q

measured in terms of milligrams per deciliter of blood

A

total cholesterol

166
Q

referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of it contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries

A

low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)

167
Q

referred to as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup

A

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)

168
Q

combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities

A

triglycerides

169
Q

the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium

A

electrocardiography

170
Q

means electric

A

electr/o

171
Q

a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

A

electrocardiogram

172
Q

a portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24-hour period

A

Holter monitor

173
Q

performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress (on a treadmill)

A

stress test

174
Q

performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise

A

thallium stress test

175
Q

a medication administered to lower blood pressure

A

antihypertensive

176
Q

blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension

A

ACE inhibitor

177
Q

reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heart beat

A

beta-blocker

178
Q

cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures

A

calcium channel blocker agents

179
Q

administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water

A

diuretic

180
Q

a medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat

A

antiarrhythmic

181
Q

slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming

A

anticoagulant

182
Q

may be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by slightly reducing the ability of the blood to clot

A

aspirin

183
Q

used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood

A

cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as statins

184
Q

an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger

A

Coumadin, warfarin

185
Q

strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues

A

digitalis, aka digoxin

186
Q

dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up

A

thrombolytic, aka clot-busting drug

187
Q

a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke

A

tissue plasminogen activator

188
Q

causes blood vessels to narrow

A

vasoconstrictor

189
Q

causes blood vessels to expand

A

vasodilator

190
Q

a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart

A

nitroglycerin

191
Q

a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), aka angioplasty or balloon angioplasty

192
Q

a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened, providing support to the artery wall

A

stent

193
Q

the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again

A

restenosis

194
Q

the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

A

atherectomy

195
Q

the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain

A

carotid endarterectomy

196
Q

a surgery which requires opening the chest, implanting a piece of vein from the leg or chest on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart

A

coronary artery bypass graft, aka bypass surgery

197
Q

an alternative technique for some bypass patients that is performed with the aid of a fiber optic camera through small openings between the ribs

A

minimally invasive coronary artery bypass, aka keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass

198
Q

the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm

A

defibrillation, aka carioversion

199
Q

a defibrillator designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defib is required

A

automated external defibrillator (AED)

200
Q

used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading to the heart to regulate rhythm

A

artificial pacemaker

201
Q

a double-action pacemaker, regulating rhythm, and defibrillates if a dangerous disruption occurs

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

202
Q

the surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve

A

valvoplasty, aka valvuloplasty

203
Q

means valve

A

valv/o

204
Q

an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation, aka CPR

205
Q

the surgical removal of an aneurysm

A

aneurysmectomy

206
Q

aneurysm

A

aneurysm/o

207
Q

the surgical suturing of an aneurysm

A

aneurysmorrhaphy

208
Q

the surgical removal of part of an artery

A

arteriectomy

209
Q

to stop or control bleeding

A

hemostasis

210
Q

means stopping or controlling

A

-stasis

211
Q

the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements

A

plasmapheresis

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