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Med Term 8 Flashcards

1
Q

referes to the structures of the digestive system

A

gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

means stomach

A

gastr/o

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3
Q

means intestine

A

intestin

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4
Q

includes the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and the periodontium

A

oral cavity, aka mouth

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5
Q

form the opening to the oral cavity

A

lips, aka labia

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6
Q

forms the roof of the mouth

A

palate

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7
Q

the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane

A

hard palate

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8
Q

the flexible posterior portion of the palate, closes off the nasal passage during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity

A

soft palate

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9
Q

hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, plays an important role in snoring and some speech

A

uvula

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10
Q

a very strong, flexible muscle. aides in speech and moves food during chewing and swallowing

A

tongue

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11
Q

small bumps that cover the tough upper surface of the tongue (dorsum), they contain taste buds

A

papillae

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12
Q

consists of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support the teeth

A

periodontium

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13
Q

means surrounding

A

peri-

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14
Q

means teeth

A

odonti/o

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15
Q

the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches, and lines the cheeks

A

gingiva

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16
Q

this joint is formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and the mandibular arches come together

A

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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17
Q

referes to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

A

dentition

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18
Q

consists of 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime. include 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars

A

permanent dentition

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19
Q

means without teeth

A

edentulous

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20
Q

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

A

occlusion

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21
Q

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

A

malocclusion

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22
Q

a colorless liquid that moistens the mouth, begins the digestive process, and lubricates food during chewing and swallowing

A

saliva

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23
Q

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth. 3 pair

A

salivary glands

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24
Q

the common passageway for both respiration and digestion

A

pharynx

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25
Q

a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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26
Q

the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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27
Q

a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach. normally allows the flow of food into the stomach and closes to prevent the stomach contents from regurgitating

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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28
Q

a sac-like organ composed of the fundus (upper rounded part), body (main portion), and antrum (lower part)

A

stomach

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29
Q

the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach containing glands that produce gastric juices that aid in digestion and mucus as a protective lining

A

rugae

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30
Q

the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

A

pylorus

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31
Q

the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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32
Q

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. A coiled organ 20 feet long, consisting of 3 sections where food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

A

small intestine

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33
Q

the first portion of the small intestine. extends from the pylorus to the jejunum

A

duodenum

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34
Q

the middle portion of the small intestine. extends from the duodenum to the ileum

A

jejunum

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35
Q

the last and longest portion of the small intestine, extending from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

A

ileum

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36
Q

extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. twice as wide as the small intestine, 1/4 as long, where waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus

A

large intestine

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37
Q

a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen. extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon.

A

cecum

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38
Q

the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

A

ileocecal sphincter

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39
Q

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, composed of lymphoid tissue

A

vermiform appendix, aka appendix

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40
Q

the longest portion of the large intestine, and is subdivided into four parts

A

colon

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41
Q

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

A

ascending colon

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42
Q

passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

A

transverse colon

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43
Q

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

A

descending colon

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44
Q

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below

A

sigmoid colon

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45
Q

the widest division of the large intestine, and makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus

A

rectum

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46
Q

the lower opening of the digestive tract, in which waste flows through

A

anus

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47
Q

refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit

A

anorectal

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48
Q

means anus

A

an/o

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49
Q

means rectum

A

rect/o

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50
Q

a large organ located in the right upper quad of the abdomen, removes toxins from the blood and turns food into fuel

A

liver

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51
Q

means liver

A

hepat/o

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52
Q

the pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin and is released by the liver in bile

A

bilirubin

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53
Q

a digestive juice secreted by the liver which aids in the digestion of fats

A

bile

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54
Q

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

A

biliary tree

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55
Q

a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver, stores and concentrates the bile for later use

A

gallbladder

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56
Q

means pertaining to the gallbladder

A

cholecystic

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57
Q

means gallbladder

A

cholecyst/o

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58
Q

a soft, 6 inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach, has roles in digestion and endocrine systems

A

pancreas

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59
Q

means pancreas

A

pancreat/o

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60
Q

the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

A

digestion

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61
Q

term that includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

A

metabolism

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62
Q

means change

A

metabol/o

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63
Q

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

A

anabolism

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64
Q

the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

A

catabolism

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65
Q

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

A

absorption

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66
Q

finger-like projections that covers the mucosa that lines the small intestine, each contains blood vessels and lacteals

A

villi

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67
Q

breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

A

mastication, aka chewing

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68
Q

a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

A

bolus

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69
Q

a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a sigle direction. happens in esophagus when food moves downward

A

peristalsis

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70
Q

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine

A

chyme

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71
Q

solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus

A

feces, aka stools

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72
Q

the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine

A

defecation, aka bowel movement

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73
Q

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

A

borborygmus

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74
Q

the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum

A

flatulence, aka flatus

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75
Q

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

A

bariatrics

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76
Q

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity. DDS or DMD

A

dentist

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77
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenterologist

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78
Q

means stomach

A

gastr/o

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79
Q

means small intestine

A

enter/o

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80
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

A

internist

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81
Q

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

A

orthodontist

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82
Q

means straight or normal

A

orth/o

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83
Q

means teeth

A

odont/o

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84
Q

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

A

periodontist

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85
Q

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

A

proctologist

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86
Q

means anus and rectum

A

proct/o

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87
Q

grey-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth. very common, associated with stress, foods, fever

A

aphthous ulcers, aka canker sores or mouth ulcers

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88
Q

a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

A

cheilosis

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89
Q

means lips

A

cheil/o

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90
Q

blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral HSV-1

A

herpes labialis, aka cold sores or fever blisters

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91
Q

develops when the fungus candida albicans grows out of control, creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks, most common in infants or older adults or with antibiotics

A

oral thrush

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92
Q

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus

A

stomatomycosis

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93
Q

means mouth or oral cavity

A

stomat/o

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94
Q

means fungus

A

myc/o

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95
Q

describes bleeding from any part of the mouth

A

stomatorrhagia

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96
Q

describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer, causes difficulty in speaking and affects nutrition due to impaired chewing and swallowing

A

trismus

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97
Q

the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretion by the salivary glands, due to medications, radiation…

A

xerostomia, aka dry mouth

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98
Q

means dry

A

xer/o

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99
Q

a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

A

cleft lip, aka harelip

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100
Q

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus, can make eating and speaking difficult

A

cleft palate

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101
Q

caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth, includes inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and death of gum tissues.

A

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), aka trench mouth

102
Q

the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injures the TMJ

A

bruxism

103
Q

dental plaque that has calcified

A

dental calculus, aka tartar

104
Q

an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

A

dental caries, aka tooth decay or cavity

105
Q

a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease and forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth. consists of bacterial by-products

A

dental plaque

106
Q

the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation only affects the gums

A

gingivitis

107
Q

an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders

A

halitosis, aka bad breath

108
Q

an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

A

periodontal disease, aka periodontitis

109
Q

part of the group of complex symtoms that include pain, headache, or difficulty in chewing that are related to the functioning of the TMJ

A

temporomandibular disorder

110
Q

the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

111
Q

the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

A

pyrosis, aka heartburn

112
Q

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus, causing severe bleeding when one of the veins rupture

A

esophageal varices

113
Q

a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

A

hiatal hernia

114
Q

means opening

A

hiat/o

115
Q

a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium H. pylori

A

gastritis

116
Q

an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenteritis

117
Q

the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

A

gastrorrhea

118
Q

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

A

peptic ulcers

119
Q

means digestion

A

pept/o

120
Q

the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

A

anorexia

121
Q

an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance, leading to an intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight. voluntary starvation and excessive exercising often cause emaciation

A

anorexia nervosa

122
Q

an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other meds

A

bulimia nervosa

123
Q

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS. body is unable to absorb nutrients

A

cachexia

124
Q

an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay that lasts for at least 1 month. not the same as pregnancy induced cravings

A

pica

125
Q

a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance

A

dehydration

126
Q

a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients

A

malnutrition

127
Q

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

A

malabsorption

128
Q

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

A

obesity

129
Q

the condition of weighing two to three times or more than the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 39

A

morbid obesity

130
Q

a number that shows body weight adjusted for height

A

body mass index

131
Q

the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, a common cause of gas in the stomach

A

aerophagia

132
Q

means air

A

aer/o

133
Q

means swallowing

A

-phagia

134
Q

pain or discomfort in digestion

A

dyspepsia, aka indigestion

135
Q

means digestion

A

-pepsia

136
Q

the reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth

A

emesis, aka vomiting

137
Q

the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

A

eructation

138
Q

the vomiting of blood

A

hematemesis

139
Q

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration, can be related to morning sickness

A

hyperemesis

140
Q

the urge to vomit

A

nausea

141
Q

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

A

regurgitation

142
Q

often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon

A

colorectal carcinoma, aka colon cancer

143
Q

the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon

A

diverticulosis

144
Q

means diverticulum

A

diverticul/o

145
Q

a small pouch or sac occurring in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

A

diverticulum

146
Q

an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens

A

enteritis

147
Q

the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine, including pain, cramping, abdominal distention, vomiting, constipation. caused by cessation of intestinal peristalsis

A

ileus

148
Q

a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea. usually aggravated by stress and NOT by pathogens

A

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

149
Q

the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines. most commonly ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

150
Q

a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

A

ulcerative colitis

151
Q

a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and the colon

A

Crohn’s disease

152
Q

the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction

A

intestinal obstruction

153
Q

the twisting of the intestine on itself that cause and obstruction, usually occurring in infancy

A

volvulus

154
Q

the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part. rare, sometimes found in infants and young children

A

intussusception

155
Q

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

A

inguinal hernia

156
Q

occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia and its blood supply is cut off

A

strangulated hernia

157
Q

a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause sever pain during a bowel movement

A

anal fissure

158
Q

the inability to control the excretion of feces

A

bowel incontinence

159
Q

defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week, usually hard, dry, small in size and difficult to eliminate

A

constipation

160
Q

transmitted by food or water that is contaminated due to poor sanitary conditions

A

amebic dysentery, aka amebiasis

161
Q

rare, but serious condition transmitted through contaminated food or an infected wound

A

botulism, aka food poisoning

162
Q

transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water

A

Cholera

163
Q

transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been properly cooked

A

E. coli

164
Q

transmitted by food that is contaminated by feces

A

salmonellosis, aka salmonella

165
Q

caused by eating food that has been handled by a typhoid-carrier

A

typhoid fever

166
Q

an abnormal frequent flow of loose or watery stools that can lead to dehydration

A

diarrhea

167
Q

occur when a cluster or veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

A

hemorrhoids

168
Q

the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools

A

melena

169
Q

means black or dark

A

melan/o

170
Q

an inflammation of the liver

A

hepatitis

171
Q

the abnormal enlargement of the liver

A

hepatomegaly

172
Q

a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes. caused by greater than normal bilirubin in the blood

A

jaundice

173
Q

a progressive degenerative disease of the liver that is often caused by excessive alcohol use or by viral hepatitis B or C

A

cirrhosis

174
Q

means yellow or orange

A

cirrh/o

175
Q

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

176
Q

describes a range of conditions characterized by an accumulation of fat within the liver that affect people who drink little or no alcohol, most commonly in middle-aged people who are obese and may have diabetes and elevated cholesterol

A

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

177
Q

mildest type of NAFLD, characterized by accumulations of fat within the liver that usually does not cause liver damage

A

steatosis

178
Q

means fat

A

steat/o

179
Q

a more serious form of NAFLD and consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation

A

nonalcoholic steatohepatits (NASH)

180
Q

an acute infection of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper-right quad of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice

A

cholangitis

181
Q

means bile duct

A

choleang/o

182
Q

pain in the gallbladder

A

cholecystalgia

183
Q

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile

A

cholecystitis

184
Q

a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components

A

gallstone, aka biliary calculus or cholelith

185
Q

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

A

cholelithiasis

186
Q

a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissues structure within the abdomen, showing, for example, the presence of a tumor or obstruction

A

abdominal computed tomography (CT)

187
Q

a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves

A

abdominal ultrasound

188
Q

the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

A

anoscopy

189
Q

a tiny video cavera in a capsule that the patient swallows, transmits images of the walls of the small intestine

A

capsule endoscopy

190
Q

a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

A

cholangiography

191
Q

an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract which includes the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

192
Q

radiographic studies to examine the digestive system, using a contrast medium

A

upper GI series and lower GI series

193
Q

a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools, can be done at home

A

hemoccult

194
Q

means hidden

A

-occult

195
Q

specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics

A

stool samples

196
Q

an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures

A

endoscope

197
Q

the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum

A

colonoscopy

198
Q

the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon

A

sigmoidoscopy

199
Q

the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

A

enema

200
Q

taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal by neutralizing the acids in the stomach

A

antacids

201
Q

used to treat the symptoms of conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach

A

acid reducers

202
Q

a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

A

antiemetic

203
Q

medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements

A

laxatives

204
Q

a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany severe diarrhea, especially in young children

A

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

205
Q

the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

A

dental prophylaxis

206
Q

the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue

A

gingivectomy

207
Q

means gingival tissue

A

gingiv/o

208
Q

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

A

maxillofacial surgery

209
Q

the surgical repair of a cleft lip and/or palate

A

palatoplasty

210
Q

means palate

A

palat/o

211
Q

the surgical repair of the mouth

A

stomatoplasty

212
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

A

gastrectomy

213
Q

the placement of feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

A

nasogastric intubation

214
Q

a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach

A

gastrostomy tube

215
Q

administered to patients who cannot, or should not, get their nutrition through eating. intravenously.

A

total parenteral nutrition

216
Q

used to treat the symptoms of conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach

A

acid reducers

217
Q

a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

A

antiemetic

218
Q

medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements

A

laxatives

219
Q

a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany severe diarrhea, especially in young children

A

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

220
Q

the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

A

dentalprophylaxis

221
Q

the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue

A

gingivectomy

222
Q

means gingival tissue

A

gingiv/o

223
Q

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

A

maxillofacial surgery

224
Q

the surgical repair of a cleft lip and/or palate

A

palatoplasty

225
Q

means palate

A

palat/o

226
Q

the surgical repair of the mouth

A

stomatoplasty

227
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

A

gastrectomy

228
Q

the placement of feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

A

nasogastric intubation

229
Q

a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach

A

gastrostomy tube

230
Q

administered to patients who cannot, or should not, get their nutrition through eating. intravenously.

A

total parenteral nutrition

231
Q

performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested. limit food intake

A

bariatric surgery

232
Q

the surgical removal of all, or part of the colon

A

colectomy

233
Q

the surgical removal of a diverticulum

A

diverticulectomy

234
Q

the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach, and the duodenum, to treat stomach cancer or remove a malfunctioning pyloric valve

A

gastroduodenostomy

235
Q

a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures

A

anastomosis

236
Q

the surgical removal of the ileum

A

ileectomy

237
Q

a surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface

A

ostomy

238
Q

the opening of an ostomy

A

stoma

239
Q

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, and the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall

A

ileostomy

240
Q

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

A

colostomy

241
Q

the surgical removal of hemorrhoids

A

hemorrhoidectomy

242
Q

means piles

A

hemorrhoid/o

243
Q

the surgical removal of the rectum

A

proctectomy

244
Q

means rectum

A

proct/o

245
Q

the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

A

proctopexy

246
Q

the surgical repair of the rectum

A

proctoplasty

247
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the liver

A

hepatectomy

248
Q

means surgical suturing of the liver

A

hepatorrhaphy

249
Q

an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer

A

liver transplant

250
Q

an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones

A

choledocholithotomy

251
Q

the surgical removal of the gallbladder

A

cholecystectomy

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