Med Term 8 Flashcards
referes to the structures of the digestive system
gastrointestinal tract
means stomach
gastr/o
means intestine
intestin
includes the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and the periodontium
oral cavity, aka mouth
form the opening to the oral cavity
lips, aka labia
forms the roof of the mouth
palate
the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane
hard palate
the flexible posterior portion of the palate, closes off the nasal passage during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
soft palate
hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, plays an important role in snoring and some speech
uvula
a very strong, flexible muscle. aides in speech and moves food during chewing and swallowing
tongue
small bumps that cover the tough upper surface of the tongue (dorsum), they contain taste buds
papillae
consists of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support the teeth
periodontium
means surrounding
peri-
means teeth
odonti/o
the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches, and lines the cheeks
gingiva
this joint is formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and the mandibular arches come together
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
referes to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
dentition
consists of 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime. include 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars
permanent dentition
means without teeth
edentulous
describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
occlusion
any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
malocclusion
a colorless liquid that moistens the mouth, begins the digestive process, and lubricates food during chewing and swallowing
saliva
secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth. 3 pair
salivary glands
the common passageway for both respiration and digestion
pharynx
a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing
epiglottis
the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach. normally allows the flow of food into the stomach and closes to prevent the stomach contents from regurgitating
lower esophageal sphincter
a sac-like organ composed of the fundus (upper rounded part), body (main portion), and antrum (lower part)
stomach
the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach containing glands that produce gastric juices that aid in digestion and mucus as a protective lining
rugae
the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
pylorus
the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. A coiled organ 20 feet long, consisting of 3 sections where food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
small intestine
the first portion of the small intestine. extends from the pylorus to the jejunum
duodenum
the middle portion of the small intestine. extends from the duodenum to the ileum
jejunum
the last and longest portion of the small intestine, extending from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine
ileum
extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. twice as wide as the small intestine, 1/4 as long, where waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus
large intestine
a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen. extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon.
cecum
the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
ileocecal sphincter
hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, composed of lymphoid tissue
vermiform appendix, aka appendix
the longest portion of the large intestine, and is subdivided into four parts
colon
travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
ascending colon
passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen
transverse colon
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
descending colon
an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below
sigmoid colon
the widest division of the large intestine, and makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus
rectum
the lower opening of the digestive tract, in which waste flows through
anus
refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit
anorectal
means anus
an/o
means rectum
rect/o
a large organ located in the right upper quad of the abdomen, removes toxins from the blood and turns food into fuel
liver
means liver
hepat/o
the pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin and is released by the liver in bile
bilirubin
a digestive juice secreted by the liver which aids in the digestion of fats
bile
provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
biliary tree
a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver, stores and concentrates the bile for later use
gallbladder
means pertaining to the gallbladder
cholecystic
means gallbladder
cholecyst/o
a soft, 6 inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach, has roles in digestion and endocrine systems
pancreas
means pancreas
pancreat/o
the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
digestion
term that includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients
metabolism
means change
metabol/o
the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
anabolism
the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
catabolism
the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
absorption
finger-like projections that covers the mucosa that lines the small intestine, each contains blood vessels and lacteals
villi
breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
mastication, aka chewing
a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
bolus
a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a sigle direction. happens in esophagus when food moves downward
peristalsis
the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine
chyme
solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus
feces, aka stools
the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
defecation, aka bowel movement
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
borborygmus
the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
flatulence, aka flatus
the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
bariatrics
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity. DDS or DMD
dentist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
gastroenterologist
means stomach
gastr/o
means small intestine
enter/o
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
internist
a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
orthodontist
means straight or normal
orth/o
means teeth
odont/o
a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
periodontist
a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
proctologist
means anus and rectum
proct/o
grey-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth. very common, associated with stress, foods, fever
aphthous ulcers, aka canker sores or mouth ulcers
a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
cheilosis
means lips
cheil/o
blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral HSV-1
herpes labialis, aka cold sores or fever blisters
develops when the fungus candida albicans grows out of control, creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks, most common in infants or older adults or with antibiotics
oral thrush
any disease of the mouth due to a fungus
stomatomycosis
means mouth or oral cavity
stomat/o
means fungus
myc/o
describes bleeding from any part of the mouth
stomatorrhagia
describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer, causes difficulty in speaking and affects nutrition due to impaired chewing and swallowing
trismus
the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretion by the salivary glands, due to medications, radiation…
xerostomia, aka dry mouth
means dry
xer/o
a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
cleft lip, aka harelip
the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus, can make eating and speaking difficult
cleft palate
caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth, includes inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and death of gum tissues.
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), aka trench mouth
the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injures the TMJ
bruxism
dental plaque that has calcified
dental calculus, aka tartar
an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth
dental caries, aka tooth decay or cavity
a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease and forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth. consists of bacterial by-products
dental plaque
the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation only affects the gums
gingivitis
an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
halitosis, aka bad breath
an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
periodontal disease, aka periodontitis
part of the group of complex symtoms that include pain, headache, or difficulty in chewing that are related to the functioning of the TMJ
temporomandibular disorder
the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
pyrosis, aka heartburn
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus, causing severe bleeding when one of the veins rupture
esophageal varices
a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
means opening
hiat/o
a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium H. pylori
gastritis
an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
gastrorrhea
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system
peptic ulcers
means digestion
pept/o
the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
anorexia
an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance, leading to an intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight. voluntary starvation and excessive exercising often cause emaciation
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other meds
bulimia nervosa
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS. body is unable to absorb nutrients
cachexia
an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay that lasts for at least 1 month. not the same as pregnancy induced cravings
pica
a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance
dehydration
a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients
malnutrition
a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
malabsorption
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body
obesity
the condition of weighing two to three times or more than the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 39
morbid obesity
a number that shows body weight adjusted for height
body mass index
the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, a common cause of gas in the stomach
aerophagia
means air
aer/o
means swallowing
-phagia
pain or discomfort in digestion
dyspepsia, aka indigestion
means digestion
-pepsia
the reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth
emesis, aka vomiting
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
eructation
the vomiting of blood
hematemesis
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration, can be related to morning sickness
hyperemesis
the urge to vomit
nausea
the return of swallowed food into the mouth
regurgitation
often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon
colorectal carcinoma, aka colon cancer
the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon
diverticulosis
means diverticulum
diverticul/o
a small pouch or sac occurring in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
diverticulum
an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens
enteritis
the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine, including pain, cramping, abdominal distention, vomiting, constipation. caused by cessation of intestinal peristalsis
ileus
a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea. usually aggravated by stress and NOT by pathogens
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines. most commonly ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation
ulcerative colitis
a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and the colon
Crohn’s disease
the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction
intestinal obstruction
the twisting of the intestine on itself that cause and obstruction, usually occurring in infancy
volvulus
the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part. rare, sometimes found in infants and young children
intussusception
the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
inguinal hernia
occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia and its blood supply is cut off
strangulated hernia
a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause sever pain during a bowel movement
anal fissure
the inability to control the excretion of feces
bowel incontinence
defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week, usually hard, dry, small in size and difficult to eliminate
constipation
transmitted by food or water that is contaminated due to poor sanitary conditions
amebic dysentery, aka amebiasis
rare, but serious condition transmitted through contaminated food or an infected wound
botulism, aka food poisoning
transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water
Cholera
transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been properly cooked
E. coli
transmitted by food that is contaminated by feces
salmonellosis, aka salmonella
caused by eating food that has been handled by a typhoid-carrier
typhoid fever
an abnormal frequent flow of loose or watery stools that can lead to dehydration
diarrhea
occur when a cluster or veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening
hemorrhoids
the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools
melena
means black or dark
melan/o
an inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
the abnormal enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes. caused by greater than normal bilirubin in the blood
jaundice
a progressive degenerative disease of the liver that is often caused by excessive alcohol use or by viral hepatitis B or C
cirrhosis
means yellow or orange
cirrh/o
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
describes a range of conditions characterized by an accumulation of fat within the liver that affect people who drink little or no alcohol, most commonly in middle-aged people who are obese and may have diabetes and elevated cholesterol
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
mildest type of NAFLD, characterized by accumulations of fat within the liver that usually does not cause liver damage
steatosis
means fat
steat/o
a more serious form of NAFLD and consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation
nonalcoholic steatohepatits (NASH)
an acute infection of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper-right quad of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice
cholangitis
means bile duct
choleang/o
pain in the gallbladder
cholecystalgia
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
cholecystitis
a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components
gallstone, aka biliary calculus or cholelith
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
cholelithiasis
a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissues structure within the abdomen, showing, for example, the presence of a tumor or obstruction
abdominal computed tomography (CT)
a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves
abdominal ultrasound
the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum
anoscopy
a tiny video cavera in a capsule that the patient swallows, transmits images of the walls of the small intestine
capsule endoscopy
a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
cholangiography
an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract which includes the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
radiographic studies to examine the digestive system, using a contrast medium
upper GI series and lower GI series
a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools, can be done at home
hemoccult
means hidden
-occult
specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics
stool samples
an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures
endoscope
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum
colonoscopy
the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
sigmoidoscopy
the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
enema
taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal by neutralizing the acids in the stomach
antacids
used to treat the symptoms of conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach
acid reducers
a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
antiemetic
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
laxatives
a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany severe diarrhea, especially in young children
oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
dental prophylaxis
the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
gingivectomy
means gingival tissue
gingiv/o
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
maxillofacial surgery
the surgical repair of a cleft lip and/or palate
palatoplasty
means palate
palat/o
the surgical repair of the mouth
stomatoplasty
the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
gastrectomy
the placement of feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
nasogastric intubation
a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach
gastrostomy tube
administered to patients who cannot, or should not, get their nutrition through eating. intravenously.
total parenteral nutrition
used to treat the symptoms of conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach
acid reducers
a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
antiemetic
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
laxatives
a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany severe diarrhea, especially in young children
oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
dentalprophylaxis
the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
gingivectomy
means gingival tissue
gingiv/o
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
maxillofacial surgery
the surgical repair of a cleft lip and/or palate
palatoplasty
means palate
palat/o
the surgical repair of the mouth
stomatoplasty
the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
gastrectomy
the placement of feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
nasogastric intubation
a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach
gastrostomy tube
administered to patients who cannot, or should not, get their nutrition through eating. intravenously.
total parenteral nutrition
performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested. limit food intake
bariatric surgery
the surgical removal of all, or part of the colon
colectomy
the surgical removal of a diverticulum
diverticulectomy
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach, and the duodenum, to treat stomach cancer or remove a malfunctioning pyloric valve
gastroduodenostomy
a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures
anastomosis
the surgical removal of the ileum
ileectomy
a surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface
ostomy
the opening of an ostomy
stoma
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, and the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall
ileostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
colostomy
the surgical removal of hemorrhoids
hemorrhoidectomy
means piles
hemorrhoid/o
the surgical removal of the rectum
proctectomy
means rectum
proct/o
the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
proctopexy
the surgical repair of the rectum
proctoplasty
the surgical removal of all or part of the liver
hepatectomy
means surgical suturing of the liver
hepatorrhaphy
an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer
liver transplant
an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones
choledocholithotomy
the surgical removal of the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
