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Med Term 10 Flashcards

1
Q

includes the brain and the spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spindal cord with other parts of the body

A

nerve

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4
Q

a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

A

tract

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5
Q

carry nerve impulses toward the brain

A

ascending nerve tracts

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6
Q

carry nerve impulses away from the brain

A

descending nerve tracts

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7
Q

a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

A

ganglion

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8
Q

means the supply of nerves to a specific body part

A

innervation

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9
Q

a network of intersecting spinal nerves

A

plexus

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10
Q

sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation

A

receptors

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11
Q

anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse

A

stimulus

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12
Q

an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body

A

reflex

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13
Q

the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other

A

neurons

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14
Q

neurons that emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord

A

afferent neurons (Ace), aka sensory neurons (Sam)

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15
Q

these neurons link sensory and motor neurons

A

connecting neurons (aCe), aka associative neurons (sAm)

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16
Q

these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands

A

efferent neurons (acE), aka motor neurons (saM)

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17
Q

the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

A

dendrites

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18
Q

a process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell. can be more than 3 feet long

A

axon

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19
Q

the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse

A

terminal end fibers

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20
Q

the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ.

A

synapse

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21
Q

chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

A

neurotransmitters

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22
Q

provide support and protection for neurons, and their four main functions are surround neurons/hold them in place, supply nutrients and O2 to neurons, to insulate one from another, and to destroy and remove dead neurons

A

glial cells

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23
Q

the protective covering made up of glial cells, a white sheath that forms the white matter of the brain, and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral nerves

A

myelin sheath

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24
Q

the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord of the CNS, consist of 3 layers of connective tissues

A

meninges

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25
Q

the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

A

dura mater

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26
Q

the second layer of the meninges that resembles a spider web

A

arachnoid membrane

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27
Q

the third layer of the meninges, and is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord, consists of delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessels

A

pia mater

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28
Q

produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum, clear, colorless, watery fluid

A

cerebrospinal fluid, aka spinal fluid

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29
Q

the largest and uppermost portion of the brain, responsible for thought, judgement, memory, emotion, controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions

A

cerebrum

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30
Q

means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain

A

cerebral

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31
Q

means brain

A

cerebr/o

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32
Q

created by the division of the cerebrum and are connected at the lower midpoint by the corpus callosum

A

cerebral hemispheres

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33
Q

subdivisions of each cerebral hemisphere, each named for the bone of the cranium that covers it

A

cerebral lobes

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34
Q

produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body, located below the cerebrum

A

thalamus

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35
Q

located below the thalamus, has 7 major regulatory functions

A

hypothalamus

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36
Q

the second largest part of the brain, located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum

A

cerebellum

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37
Q

the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord, made of 3 parts

A

brainstem

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38
Q

provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain, also control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in response to stimuli

A

midbrain and pons

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39
Q

connected to the spinal cord, located at the lowest part of the brainstem. controls basic survival functions, including respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

A

medulla

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40
Q

a long, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column

A

spinal cord

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41
Q

12 pair of nerves that originate from the undersurface of the brain. each 2 in a pair have identical function and each nerve of a pair serves half of the body

A

cranial nerves

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42
Q

31 pairs of nerves that are grouped together, and named based on the region of the body they innervate

A

peripheral nerves

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43
Q

controls the involuntary actions of the body such as functioning of internal organs. organized into two divisions, which balance each other

A

autonomic nervous system

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44
Q

nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles

A

sympathetic nervous system

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45
Q

nervous system that returns the body to normal after a response to stress, also maintains normal body functions during ordinary circumstances

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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46
Q

a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery

A

anesthesiologist

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47
Q

means feeling

A

esthesi/o, esthst/o

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48
Q

a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician

A

anesthetist

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49
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system

A

neurologist

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50
Q

means nerve

A

neur/o

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51
Q

a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

A

neurosurgeon

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52
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness

A

psychiatrist

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53
Q

means mind

A

psych/o

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54
Q

holds and advanced degree, but is not a medical doctor. evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness

A

psychologist

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55
Q

means specialist

A

-iatrist, -ologist

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56
Q

pain in the head

A

cephalalgia, aka headache

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57
Q

characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head, can be preceded by a warning aura

A

migraine headache

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58
Q

intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion, affect primarily men

A

cluster headaches

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59
Q

a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull

A

encephalocele, aka craniocele

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60
Q

means brain

A

encephal/o

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61
Q

the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

A

meningocele

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62
Q

means meninges

A

mening/o

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63
Q

a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

A

hydrocephalus

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64
Q

means water

A

hydr/o

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65
Q

an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord, can be fatal, usually bacteria or viral caused

A

meningitis

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66
Q

a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. marked by progressive deterioration that affects both memory and reasoning capabilities

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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67
Q

describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory

A

cognition

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68
Q

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, often accompanied by personality changes

A

dementia

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69
Q

and inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies

A

encephalitis

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70
Q

a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and slow or shuffling gait

A

Parkinson’s disease

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71
Q

a potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion. usually follows viral infections in which the child was given aspirin

A

Reye’s syndrome

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72
Q

an acute and potentially fatal fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria

A

tetanus

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73
Q

a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences. can be caused by brain injury, illness, or psychological disturbance

A

amnesia

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74
Q

a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain

A

concussion

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75
Q

means shaken together

A

concuss/o

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76
Q

the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

A

cerebral contusion

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77
Q

a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

A

cranial hematoma

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78
Q

a blow to the head or penetrating head injury that damages the brain

A

traumatic brain injury

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79
Q

describes the results of a child being violently shaken by someone. can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, and death

A

shaken baby syndrome

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80
Q

terms used to describe alterations of consciousness caused by injury, disease, or substances such as medication, drugs, or alcohol

A

levels of consciousness (LOC)

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81
Q

the state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately

A

conscious

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82
Q

the state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli including pain

A

unconscious

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83
Q

a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

A

lethargy

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84
Q

an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly and with vigorous, repeated attempts

A

stupor

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85
Q

the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain

A

syncope

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86
Q

a profound state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and lack of speech

A

coma

87
Q

a type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles; however, due to severe damage to certain areas of the brain, the person is unconscious even when appearing to be awake

A

persistent vegetative state

88
Q

an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations

A

delirium

89
Q

an abnormal growth located inside the skull

A

brain tumor

90
Q

the amount of pressure inside the skull

A

intracranial pressure

91
Q

damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured

A

cerebrovascular accident, aka stroke, or CVA

92
Q

occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked, and is the most common type of stroke in older people

A

ischemic stroke

93
Q

the temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain. passes within less than an hour, but is often a warning sign of increased risk to stroke

A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

94
Q

the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word. often caused by brain damage associated with stroke

A

aphasia

95
Q

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks

A

hemorrhagic stroke, aka bleed

96
Q

the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep. usually a symptom of another problem

A

insomnia

97
Q

means sleep

A

somn/o

98
Q

a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

A

narcolepsy

99
Q

means stupor

A

narc/o

100
Q

means seizure

A

-lepsy

101
Q

a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symtoms and affect routine performance or tasks

A

sleep deprivation

102
Q

the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening

A

somnambulism

103
Q

means to walk

A

ambul/o

104
Q

an inflammation of the spinal cord

A

myelitis

105
Q

means spinal cord

A

myel/o

106
Q

a tumor of the spinal cord

A

myelosis

107
Q

a highly contagious form of myelitis that is a viral disease with no cure, but can be prevented by a vaccine

A

poliomyelitis

108
Q

injury to the spinal cord

A

spinal cord injury

109
Q

an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb

A

radiculitis

110
Q

means root or nerve root

A

radicul/o

111
Q

nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

A

cervical radiculophathy

112
Q

nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk

A

lumbar radiculopathy

113
Q

a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath, can scar the brain, spinal cord, optic nerves and disrupts nerve impulses. also causes pain

A

multiple sclerosis

114
Q

a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, patients become progressively weaker to paralysis and then death

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aka Lou Gehrig’s disease

115
Q

the temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only of the affected side of the face

A

Bell’s palsy

116
Q

an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

117
Q

inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected sciatic nerve through the thigh, leg, and foot

A

sciatica

118
Q

characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve. sudden, intense, and brief attacks of sharp pain that affect the cheek, lips, and gums only on the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve

A

trigeminal neuralgia

119
Q

a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum

A

cerebral palsy

120
Q

a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity

A

epilepsy

121
Q

a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. occur in varying levels of severity

A

seizure

122
Q

persistent, sever burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

A

causalgia

123
Q

means burning

A

caus/o

124
Q

pain that occurs after an injury to an arm or a leg, heart attack, stroke, or other medical problem

A

complex regional pain syndrome

125
Q

a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli

A

hyperesthesia

126
Q

means sensation or feeling

A

-esthesia

127
Q

a disorder of the nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord. produces pain, loss of sensation, and inability to control muscles

A

peripheral neuropathy

128
Q

a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them

A

restless legs syndrome (RLS)

129
Q

important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)

130
Q

an ultrasound study of the carotid artery

A

carotid ultrasonography

131
Q

the use of ultrasound imaging to diagnose a shift in the midline structures of the brain

A

echoencephalography

132
Q

means beyond

A

ultra-

133
Q

means sound

A

son/o, ech/o

134
Q

the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

A

electroencephalography

135
Q

a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

A

myelography

136
Q

the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid

A

lumbar punture, aka spinal tap

137
Q

a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic

A

amobarbital

138
Q

depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep

A

hypnotic

139
Q

administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy

A

anticonvulsant

140
Q

a class of drugs whose major action is calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system

A

barbiturates

141
Q

a barbiturate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant

A

phenobarbital

142
Q

depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep

A

sedative

143
Q

the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic

A

anesthesia

144
Q

the medication used to induce anesthesia

A

anesthetic

145
Q

regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine

A

epidural anesthesia

146
Q

surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication

A

lobectomy

147
Q

a surgical incision into the thalamus, primarily performed to quiet tremors of Parkinson’s disease

A

thalamotomy

148
Q

means thalamus

A

thalam/o

149
Q

the surgical repair of a nerve or nerves

A

neuroplasty

150
Q

surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

A

neurorrhaphy

151
Q

a surgical incision or the dissection of a nerve

A

neurotomy

152
Q

mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations, or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation

A

anxiety disorders

153
Q

characterized by chronic anxiety plus exaggerated worry and tension even when there is little or nothing to provoke these feelings

A

generalized anxiety disorder

154
Q

an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted obsessions and/or recurrent compulsions

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

155
Q

an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes known as panic attacks

A

panic disorder

156
Q

characterized by a group of intense emotional feelings that include apprehension, fearfulness, and terror

A

panic attack

157
Q

may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror

A

posttraumatic stress disorder

158
Q

a persistent irrational fear of a specific thing or situation, strong enough to cause significant distress, to interfere with functioning, and to lead to the avoidance of the thing or situation that causes this reaction

A

phobia

159
Q

excessive fear of being in high places

A

acrophobia

160
Q

means top

A

acr/o

161
Q

means abnormal fear

A

-phobia

162
Q

an excessive fear of situations in which having a panic attack seems likely and/or dangerous or embarrassing

A

agoraphobia

163
Q

means marketplace

A

agor/a

164
Q

an excessive fear of spiders

A

arachnophobia

165
Q

means spider

A

arachn/o

166
Q

an abnormal fear of being in narrow or enclosed spaces

A

claustrophobia

167
Q

means barrier

A

claustr/o

168
Q

describes a group of conditions in which a young child cannot develop normal social relationships, compulsively follows repetitive routines, and frequently has poor communication skills

A

autism

169
Q

characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child’s developmental age

A

attention deficit disorder (ADD)

170
Q

a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols

A

dyslexia

171
Q

disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts

A

learning disabilities

172
Q

a diagnosis consisting of below-average intellectual functioning, significant deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset during the developmental period of life (before 18)

A

mental retardation

173
Q

occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness

A

dissociative disorders

174
Q

a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities

A

dissociative identity disorder

175
Q

a condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when they really don’t

A

factitious disorder

176
Q

a form of child abuse, caused by a parent falsifying a condition or illness of a childhood, resulting in treatment or even surgery for that child

A

factitious disorder by proxy

177
Q

a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by the inability to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences

A

impulse-control disorders

178
Q

a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for monetary gain

A

kleptomania

179
Q

a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting

A

pyromania

180
Q

means to steal

A

klept/o

181
Q

means madness

A

-mania

182
Q

means fire

A

pyr/o

183
Q

a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one’s own hair

A

trichotillomania

184
Q

a condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting from highs and severe lows that affect a person’s attitude, energy, and ability to function

A

bipolar disporder

185
Q

includes an abnormally elevated mood state, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgement, and inappropriate social behavior

A

manic behavior

186
Q

a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities

A

depression

187
Q

a low-grade chronic depression with symtoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for 2 or more years

A

dysthymia

188
Q

a seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months

A

seasonal affective disorder

189
Q

a chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work

A

personality disorder

190
Q

characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

A

psychotic disorder

191
Q

means mind

A

thym/o

192
Q

marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture

A

catatonic behavior

193
Q

a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

A

delusion

194
Q

a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulation

A

hallucination

195
Q

a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances

A

schizophrenia

196
Q

characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one’s body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

A

somatoform disorder

197
Q

characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than any physical cause

A

conversion disorder

198
Q

characterized by fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance

A

hypochondriasis

199
Q

characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms

A

malingering

200
Q

the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs

A

substance abuse

201
Q

a chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal

A

alcoholism

202
Q

a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

A

delirium tremens

203
Q

administered to prevent or relieve depression

A

antidepressant

204
Q

administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders

A

antipsychotic drug

205
Q

means having an affinity for

A

-tropic

206
Q

administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension

A

anxiolytic drug

207
Q

means anxiety

A

anxi/o

208
Q

used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders

A

mood stabilizing drugs

209
Q

acts primarily on the CNS, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior. used on pain, narcolepsy, and attention disorders

A

psychotropic drug

210
Q

works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness

A

stimulant

211
Q

based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one’s feelings and patterns of behavior

A

psychoanalysis

212
Q

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

A

behavioral therapy

213
Q

focuses on changing cognitions or thoughts that are affecting a person’s emotions and actions

A

cognitive therapy

214
Q

the use of hypnosis to produce a relaxed state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions

A

hypnotherapy

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