Med Term 7 Flashcards
brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells
respiratory system
consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
upper respiratory tract
consists of the bronchial tree and lungs
lower respiratory tract
cavity in which the structures of the lower respiratory tract are located
thoracic cavity
where air enters in through
the nose
a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
nasal septum
the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
cilia
specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems
mucous membranes
secreted by the mucous membranes and protects and lubricates tissues
mucus
nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell, also help with taste, located in mucous membrane in the upper nasal cavity
olfactory receptors
form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system
tonsils
air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, and are located in the bones of the skull
paranasal sinuses
prefix meaning near
para-
means nose
nas/o
sinuses located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows. infections cause pain
frontal sinuses
sinuses located in the sphenoid bone, and are close to the optic nerves and an infection can cause damage to vision
sphenoid sinuses
the largest of the paranasal sinuses and are located in the maxillary bones. can cause pain in posterior maxillary teeth
maxillary sinuses
sinuses located in the ethmoid bones, and are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavity by only a thin layer of bone
ethmoid sinuses
receives the air after it passes through the nose
pharynx, aka throat
first division of the pharynx, and is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth
nasopharynx
suffix meaning throat
-pharynx
the second division of the pharynx, and is the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth, shared respiratory and digestive
oropharynx
means mouth
or/o
third division of the pharynx, and is also shared by resp/digest, opens to trachea and esophagus
laryngopharynx
means larynx
laryng/o
a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea
larynx, aka voice box
a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so food doesn’t enter
epiglottis
the tube located directly in front of the esophagus that extends from the neck to the chest
trachea, aka windpipe
formed where the trachea divides into two branches
bronchi
the smallest branches of the bronchi
bronchioles
the very small grap-like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole
alveoli
the organs of respiration, divided into lobes
lungs
has three lobes
right lung
has two lobes
left lung
the cavity located between the lungs, contains heart, connective tissue, veins, trachea…
mediastinum
a thin, moist and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage
pleura
the outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung
parietal pleura
the inner layer of the pleura that surrounds each lung
visceral pleura
the airtight area between the layers of the pleural membranes
pleural cavity
the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. makes breathing possible
diaphragm
stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract
phrenic nerves
the exchange of oxygen and CO2 that is essential to life
respiration
the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
inhalation
the act of breathing out
exhalation
the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs and exchanging gases from this air
external respiration
the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues
internal respiration
a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck
otolaryngologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues
pulmonologist
form meaning lung
pulmon/o
a lung disease in which it is hard to breathe. damage to the bronchi partially obstructs them.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
when the airways have become inflamed and thickened and there is an increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells
chronic bronchitis
form meaning bronchus, or bronchi
bronch/o
the progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by decrease in alveoli, enlargement in remaining alveoli, and wall destruction of remaining alveoli. barrel shaped
emphysema
a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
asthma
the swelling and clogging of the airways with mucus. usually after exposure to inhaled allergens
airway inflammation
a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut
bronchospasm
suffix meaning involuntary contraction
-spasm
common cold, can be caused by over 200 viruses
upper respiratory infections
an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus
allergic rhinitis, aka allergy
an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and barking cough
croup
an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract, nor largely prevented through immunization. can damage heart muscle and peripheral nerves
diphtheria
bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders
epistaxis
an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months
influenza
a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness, then noisy inspiration
pertussis, aka whooping cough
the watery flow of mucus from the nose
rhinorrhea
an inflammation of the sinuses
sinusitis
an inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis
paralysis of the larynx
laryngoplegia
suffix meaning paralysis
-plegia
the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
laryngospasm
the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
aphonia
means voice or sound
phon/o
any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty
dysphonia
an inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
tracheorrhagia
means trachea
trache/o
an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi
bronchorrhea
an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath. by the flu or lung damage
pleurisy, or pleuritis
pain in the pleura that occurs in relation to breathing movements
pleurodynia
mean pleura
pleur/o
a noun ending
-isy
the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or causing collapse
pneumothorax
means lung or air
pneum/o
means chest
-thorax
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. prevents full lung expansion, feeling of breathlessness
pleural effusion
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity by trauma, disease, or surgery
hemothorax
coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
hemoptysis
suffix that means spitting
-ptysis
the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane
pyothorax
a non-specific disease, form of the sudden onset of severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
the collapse of part or all of a lung by blockage of the air passages or by very shallow breathing
atelectasis
means incomplete
atel
means stretching or enlargement
-ectasis
state of being unable to expand to receive air due to a pneumothorax or atelectasis
collapsed lung
an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues
pulmonary edema
bleeding from the lungs
pneumorrhagia
an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs, but can attack other parts of the body, usually in those with suppressed immune systems
tuberculosis
a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid
pneumonia
a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli
bronchopneumonia
form of pneumonia that affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung
lobar pneumonia
type of pneumonia that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
aspiration pneumonia
the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination, caused by strep pneumoniae
bacterial pneumonia
a milder but longer lasting form of pneumonia
mycoplasmal pneumonia, aka walking pneumonia
pneumonia that is an opportunistic infection caused by the fungus pneumoncystis carinii
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
pneumonia caused by several different types of viruses, and accounts for half of all pneumonias
viral pneumonia
a group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures
interstitial lung diseases
another name for the inflammation and thickening of the walls of the alveoli
interstitial fibrosis
figrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
pneumoconiosis
caused by coal dust in the lungs
anthracosis, aka black lung disease
caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos
asbestosis
caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupation including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glass work, and sandblasting
silicosis
means glass
silic/o
means cotton dust
byssin/o
caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs after working in a textile factory
byssinosis
means asbestos
asbest/o
means coal dust
anthrac/o
means dust
coni
the formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty breathing
pulmonary fibrosis
a generic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
cystic fibrosis
the leading cause of cancer death in the US, in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung
lung cancer
easy or normal breathing
eupnea
means good
eu-
means breathing
-pnea
the absence of spontaneous respiration
apnea
a group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long enough periods to cause low O2 levels
sleep apnea syndromes
an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less that 10 breaths per minute
bradypnea
abnormally fast rate of respiration usually more than 20 breaths per min
tachypnea
a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
difficult or labored breathing
dyspnea, aka shortness of breath
breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest, associated with exertion
hyperpnea
shallow or slow respiration
hypopnea
an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety
hyperventilation
means breathing
-ventilation
occurs when food or a foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs
airway obstruction
the absence of oxygen from the body’s gases, blood, or tissue
anoxia
means oxygen
ox
the condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it need to function
asphyxia
any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia
asphyxiation
a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen
cyanosis
the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
hypercapnia
means carbon dioxide
capn/o
a condition of having below-normal oxygen level in the blood
hypoxemia
the condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells, less severe than anoxia
hypoxia
a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high
respiratory failure
damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases
smoke inhalation
the sudden and unexplainable eath of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 week and 1 year
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
bronchoscopy
a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung tumors, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, TB, and emphysema
chest imaging
the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope inserted through the mouth and placed into the pharynx to examine the larynx
laryngoscopy
a handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how quickly the patient can expel air
peak flow meter
measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea
polysomnography
means many
poly-
means sleep
somn/o
a group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometer
pulmonary function tests
a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath
spirometer
an external monitor placed on the patient’s finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen sat level in the blood
pulse oximeter
the phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes
sputum
thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
phlegm
a screening test for TB in which the skin of the arm in injected with a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria
tuberculin skin testing
considered a more accurate skin test for diagnosing tuberculosis
Mantoux PPD skin test
administered to prevent or relieve coughing
antitussive, aka cough medicine
means cough
tuss
means performs
-ive
a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs
bronchodilator
mixes a single dose of the medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the mouth via a chemical propellant
metered-dose inhaler
pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouth piece
nebulizer, aka atomizer
the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway
endotracheal intubation
a procedure performed using and endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus
functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
the surgical removal of the larynx
laryngectomy
the surgical repair of the larynx
laryngoplasty
the surgical repair of the pharynx
pharyngoplasty
a surgical incision of the pharynx
pharyngotomy
the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum
septoplasty
means septum
sept/o
the surgical repair of the trachea
tracheoplasty
the creation of a stoma into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions
tracheostomy
usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
tracheotomy
the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung
lobectomy
the surgical removal of part of the pleura
pleurectomy
means pleura
pleur/o
the surgical removal of all or part of a lung
pneumonectomy
the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
thoracentesis
the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavity
thoracostomy
a surgical treatment of lung cancer by removing all or part of a lung
thoracotomy
the use of a video-assisted thracoscope to view the inside of the chest cavity through very small incisions
video-assisted thoracic surgery
a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety
diaphragmatic breathing, aka abdominal breathing
treatment for sleep apnea that includes a mask, tubes, and a fan to create air pressure that pushes the tongue forward to maintain an open airway
CPAP device, aka positive pressure ventilation device
an apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure
respirator
a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function
ventilator
administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood
supplemental oxygen
