Med Term 14 Flashcards
the organs of reproduction and their associated structures
genitalia
the external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx
perineum
the saclike structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles
scrotum
the two small, egg-shaped glands that produce the sperm
testicles, aka testes
where sperm are formed, each testicle
seminiferous tubules
a coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle, runs down the length of the testicle then turns upward toward the body
epididymis
extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle
spermatic cord
the male sex organ that transports the sperm into the female vagina, composed of 3 columns of erectile tissue
penis
means penis
pen/i and phall/i
the sensitive region located at the tip of the penis
glans penis, aka head of the penis
a retractable double layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis
foreskin, aka prepuce
the long, narrow continuations of each epididymis, lead upward eventually to join the urethra
vas deferens, aka ductus deferens
glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells, located at the base of the urinary bladder
seminal vesicles
begins at the vas deferens and passes through the prostate gland, and empties into the urethra
ejaculatory duct
the whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement
semen
lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra. secretes fluid to help aid motility of sperm
prostate gland
located just below the prostate gland, secrete pre-ejaculate
bulbourethral glands, aka Cowper’s glands
passes through the penis to the outside of the body
urethra
the process of sperm formation
spermatogenesis
means sperm
spermat/o
the male gametes formed in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles
sperm
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and genitourinary system of males
urologist
means urine
ur/o
an inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision
balanitis
means glans penis
balan/o
a narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted (pulled back) to expose the glans penis
phimosis
the inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection
impotence, aka erectile dysfunction
a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection
Peyronie’s disease, aka penile curvature
a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female
premature ejaculation
marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone
andropause, aka male menopause
means male or masculine
andr/o
means stopping
-pause
the absence of one or both testicles
anorchism
means testicle
orch/o
a developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum
cryptorchidism, aka undescended testicle
inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder
epididymitis
means epididymis
epididym/o
a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles
hydrocele
a painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is not accompanied by sexual excitement
priapism
a cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm
spermatocele
the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34 years, highly treatable when diagnosed early
testicular cancer
pain in one or both testicles
testicular pain, aka orchalgia
a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle
testicular torsion
inflammation of one or both testicles
testitis, aka orchitis
means testicle
test/o, orchid/o, orchi/o
a knot of varicose veins in one side of the scrotum
varicocele
means varicose veins
varic/o
about 20-120 million or more sperm per milliliter of semen
normal sperm count
the absence of sperm in the semen
azoospermia
means life
zoo
a sperm count below 20 million/ml
low sperm count, aka oligospermia
means few
olig/o
the presence of blood in the seminal fluid
hemospermia
the testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm
sperm count, aka sperm analysis
a self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum
testicular self-examination
the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis
circumcision
the surgical removal of one or both testicles
orchidectomy, aka orchiectomy
endoscopic surgery to move an undescended testicle into its normal position in the scrotum
orchiopexy
the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele
varicocelectomy
any procedure rendering an individual incapable of reproduction
sterilization
the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
castration, aka bilateral orchidectomy
the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed, preventing the sperm from entering the ejaculate, but does not change the volume of semen
vasectomy
a procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male
vasovasostomy, aka vasectomy reversal
means blood vessel
vas/o
infection that affect both males and females, commonly spread through sexual intercourse or other genital contact
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), aka venereal diseases
caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most commonly reported STD in the US, females - damage to reproductive organs, males - urethritis
chlamydia
a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina
bacterial vaginosis
means vagina
vagin/o
caused by the herpes simplex virus 2, itching, burning, lesions. no cure
genital herpes
caused by human papilloma virus, highly contagious. can cause cervical cancer, warts internally and externally on genitalia
genital warts
vaccine available to prevent the spread of genital warts
human papilloma virus vaccine
a highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Women - condition affects cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes. Men - painful urination
gonorrhea
transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
caused by Treponema pallidum, highly contagious, similar to many other STDs, transmitted by touching a chancre.
syphilis
blood test for syphilis
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)
another blood test for syphilis
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, causes thin, frothy, yellow-green, foul smelling vaginal discharge
trichomoniasis, aka trich
a rounded, fleshy prominence located over the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
collectively the external female genitalia
vulva, aka pudendum
the vaginal lips that protect the other external genitalia and the urethral meatus
labia majora and labia minora
an organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the urethral meatus and the vaginal orifice
clitoris
produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina, located on either side of the vaginal orifice
Bartholin’s glands
the exterior opening of the vagina
vaginal orifice
a mucous membrane that partially covers the vaginal orifice before a woman has had intercourse
hymen
mean breast
mamm/o, mast/o
the milk-producing glands that develop during puberty
mammary glands
carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple
lactiferous ducts, aka milk ducts
where breast milk flows through
nipple
surrounds the nipple and is a dark-pigmented area
areola
a pair of small, almond shaped organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus
ovaries
a fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg)
follicle
the female gametes, present at birth
ova
extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near, but not attached to, and ovary
fallopian tubes, aka uterine tubes
the funnel shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary
infundibulum
the fringed, fingerlike extensions of the infundibulum, catches the mature ovum when it leaves the ovary
fimbriae
a pear shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining filled with a rich supply of blood vessels
uterus, aka womb
normal position of the body of the uterus, where it is bent forward
anteflexion
means forward
ante-
means bend
flex/o
the bulging, rounded part of the uterus above the entrance of the fallopian tubes
fundus
the middle portion of the uterus
corpus, aka body of the uterus
the lower, narrow portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina
cervix
the tough, membranous outer layer of the uterus
perimetrium
means uterus
metri/o, hyster/o
the muscular middle layer of the uterus
myometrium
the inner layer of the uterus, consisting of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels
endometrium
the muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body
vagina
means vagina
colp/o and vagin/o
the normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus
menstruation, aka menses
the beginning of the menstrual function
menarche
means menstruation
men/o
means beginning
-arche
the normal termination of the menstrual function
menopause
the term used to designate the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all
perimenopause
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
gynecologist
means female
gynec/o
a physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter
obstetrician
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn
neonatologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children
pediatrician
the absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected
anovulation
means the release of a mature egg
ovulation
inflammation of an ovary
oophoritis
means ovary
oophor/o, ovari/o
cancer that originates within the cells of the ovaries
ovarian cancer
the rupture of an ovary
ovariorrhexis
any inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy. occurs often from STDs
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles
polycystic ovary syndrome, aka Stein-Leventhal syndrome
an accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube
pyosalpinx
means fallopian tube
-salpinx, salping/o
an inflammation of a fallopian tube
salpingitis
a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity
endometriosis
an abnormal discharge, such as mucus or pus, from the uterus
metrorrhea
involves cancerous growth on the lining of the uterus. can show as abnormal bleeding from the uterus after menopause
uterine cancer
a benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus
uterine fibroid, aka myoma
the condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
uterine prolapse, aka pelvic floor hernia
the second-most common cancer in women and usually affects women between the ages of 45 and 65, detected by Pap tests
cervical cancer
the growth of abnormal cells in the cervix, which can be detected by a pap smear, can become malignant
cervical dysplasia, aka precancerous lesions
an inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection
cervicitis
means cervix
cervic/o
an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix
endocervicitis
means tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall
colporrhexis
a profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina
leukorrhea
a vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans. cottage cheese like discharge
vaginal candidiasis, aka vaginal thrush or yeast infection
an inflammation of the lining of the vagina
vaginitis, aka colpitis
a condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia
pruritus vulvae
a syndrome of unknown cause that is characterized by chronic burning, pain during sexual intercourse, itching, or stinging irritation of the vulva
vulvodynia
means vulva
vulv/o
an inflammation of the vulva
vulvitis
cancer of the breast
breast cancer
a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast. benign and usually painless
fibroadenoma
the presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts
fibrocystic breast disease
the production of breast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding
galactorrhea
means milk
galact/o
pain in the breast
mastalgia, aka mastodynia
a breast infection that is most frequently caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue during breastfeeding
mastitis
an abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 3 or more months
amenorrhea
pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period
dysmenorrhea
an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days
hypermenorrhea, aka menorrhagia
an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period
hypomenorrhea
excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals
menometrorrhagia, aka intermenstrual bleeding
the term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods
oligomenorrhea
emans scanty
olig/o
the occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal
polymenorrhea
a condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal. causes infertility and menopausal symptoms
premature menopause
a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation.
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
the direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina
colposcopy
a small amount of the tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for microscopic examination. to determine the cause of abnormal bleeding
endometrial biopsy
performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding, using an ultrasound transducer in the vagina creating images of the uterus and ovaries
endovaginal ultrasound
a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes, instillation of radiopaque contrast material into the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes
hysterosalpingography
the direct visual examination fo the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes
hysteroscopy
an exfoliative biopsy for the detection of conditions that can be early indicators of cervical cancer
Papanicolaou test, aka Pap smear
a measure taken, or device used to lessen the likelihood of conception and pregnancy
contraceptive
a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus
intrauterine device
the use of the female hormones estrogen and progestin to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause
hormone replacement therapy
the surgical removal of one or both ovaries
ovariectomy, aka oophorectomy
the surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes
salpingectomy
the surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary
salpingo-oophorectomy
a surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent perm from reaching a mature ovum
tubal ligation
the surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the abdominal wall
colpopexy, aka vaginofixation
the surgical removal of a cone-shaped specimen of tissue from the cervix. performed to remove abnormal tissue
conization, aka cone biopsy
the surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina
colporrhaphy
a surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away
dilation and curettage, aka D & C
the surgical removal of uterine fibroids
myomectomy
means muscle tumor
myom/o
the surgical removal of the uterus
hysterectomy
when the uterus and cervix are removed
total hysterectomy
most commonly performed to treat uterine cancer, removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, plus nearby lymph nodes
radical hysterectomy
a general term for a cosmetic operation on the breasts
mammoplasty, aka mammaplasty
mammoplasty performed to increase breast size
breast augmentation
mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts
breast reduction
mammoplasty to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position
mastopexy
the release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of the ovary
ovulation
secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle. maintains the growth of the uterine lining in preparation for the fertilized egg
corpus luteum
when the male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm into the female’s vagina
coitus, aka copulation or sexual intercourse
occurs when a sperm penetrates and fertilizes the descending ovum
conception
the new single cell formed from the union of conception
zygote
developing child from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy
embryo
from the 9th week of pregnancy to the time of birth
fetus
means unborn child
fet/o
result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells, developing into two separate embryos
fraternal twins
formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to form two embryos.
identical twins
term used to describe a birth involving more than two infants
multiples
the thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo
chorion
a temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wast products between the mother and fetus without allowing maternal blood and feral blood to mix
placenta
the innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus
amniotic sac, aka amnion
surrounds the developing embryo, which is a fluid filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac
amniotic cavity
the liquid that protects the fetus and makes possible its floating movements
amnionic fluid, aka amniotic fluid
the tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to the developing child, also transports waste from the child to the mothers excretory system
umbilical cord
formed after birth where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus
navel, aka belly button
lasts approximately 280 days, and is the period of development of the child in the mother’s uterus
gestation
means the condition of having a developing child in the uterus
pregnancy, aka gestation
divides pregnancy into 3 equal time segments
trimesters
calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period
due date, aka estimated date of confinement
the first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother, usually 16 to 20 weeks in
quickening
intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses. not true labor pains
Braxton Hicks contractions
when the fetus is considered capable of living outside of the uterus
viable
refers to the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor
antepartum
a woman who has never been pregnant
nulligravida
means none
nulli-
means pregnant
-gravida
a woman who has never borne a viable child
nullipara
means to bring forth
-para
a woman during her first pregnancy
primigravida
means first
primi-
a woman who has borne one viable child
primipara
means a woman who has given birth two or more times
multiparous
occurs in three stages, dilation, delivery of the baby, and expulsion of the afterbirth
labor and delivery, aka childbirth or parturition
the use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor
fetal monitoring
means after the childbirth
postpartum
the time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the fist six weeks after the delivery
puerperium
the postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4-6 weeks after childbirth, consists of blood, mucus, and placental tissue
lochia
means childbirth
loch/o
the return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery
uterine involution
a specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest
colostrum
the process of forming and secreting milk from the breasts as nourishment for the infant
lactation
a mood disorder characterized by feeling of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth
postpartum depression
newborn is known as this during the first 4 weeks after birth
neonate
a greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero and can still be present at birth
vernix
the greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn
meconium
a scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant’s physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
Apgar score
the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable
abortion
a potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus
ectopic pregnancy
a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria
preeclampsia, aka pregnancy-induced hypertension, or toxemia
characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma, more serious than preeclampsia, usually resolved after childbirth
eclampsia
an abnormal disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
abruptio placentae
presentation in which the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head
breech presentation
the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus
placenta previa
a fetus born before the 37th week of gestation
premature infant, or preemie
the birth of a fetus that died before, or during, the delivery
stillbirth
performed to detect an unusually high level of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in either a blood or urine specimen, which is usually an indication of pregnancy
pregnancy test
ultrasound of a fetus
fetus ultrasound
performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves and ultrasound and finger-stick blood test, to detect risk for Down’s syndrome
first trimester screening, aka combined screening
the examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi, which are minute, vascular projection on the chorion, done between 8 and 10 weeks
chorionic villus sampling
a surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid, done after 14 weeks to evaluate fetal health
amniocentesis
a radiographic study to measure the dimensions of the pelvis to evaluate its capacity to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal
pelvimetry
means amnion
amnio
means pelvis
pelvi/o
the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls
cesarean section, aka C-section
Vaginal Birth After a Cesarean
VBAC
a surgical incision made through the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal
episiotomy
means vulva
episi/o
the surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy
episiorrhaphy
the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth
infertility
diagnoses and treats problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy
infertility specialist, aka fertility specialist
