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Med Term 13 Flashcards

1
Q

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and have specialized function in regulating the activities of specific cells, organs, or both

A

hormones

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2
Q

source: adrenal cortex, aids in regulating the levels of salt and water in the body.

A

Aldosterone (ALD)

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3
Q

Source: Adrenal cortex and gonads, Influence sex-related characteristics

A

Androgens

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4
Q

Source: pituitary gland, Stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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5
Q

Source: secreted by the hypothalamus, then stored and released from the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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6
Q

Source: Thyroid gland, works with the parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

A

Calcitonin (CAL)

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7
Q

Source: adrenal cortex, regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body. Also has an anti-inflammatory action

A

Cortisol

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8
Q

Source: Adrenal medulla, Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

A

Epinephrine (Epi, EPI)

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9
Q

Source: ovaries, develops and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle

A

Estrogen (E)

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10
Q

Source: pituitary gland, in the female, stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova. In the male, stimulates the production of sperm

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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11
Q

Source: pancreatic islets (alpha cells), increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream

A

Glucagon (GCG)

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12
Q

Source: pituitary gland, regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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13
Q

Source: placenta, stimulates the secretion of the hormones required to maintain pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

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14
Q

Source: Pancreatic islets (beta cells), regulates the transport of glucose to body cells and stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Insulin

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15
Q

Source: pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation in the female. Stimulates the secretion of testosterone in the male

A

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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16
Q

Source: pituitary gland, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk

A

Lactogenic hormone (LTH)

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17
Q

Source: pituitary gland, in the female, stimulates ovulation. in the male, stimulates testosterone secretion

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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18
Q

Source: pituitary gland, increases the production of melanin in melanocytes of the skin

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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19
Q

Source: pineal gland, influences the sleep-wakefulness cycles

A

Melatonin

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20
Q

Source: adrenal medulla, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

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21
Q

Source: pituitary gland, stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. It also causes milk to flow from the mammary glands after childbirth

A

Oxytocin (OXT)

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22
Q

Source: Parathyroid glands, works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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23
Q

Source: ovaries, completes preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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24
Q

Source: testicles, stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

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25
Q

Source: Thymus, plays an important role in the immune system

A

Thymosin

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26
Q

Source: thyroid gland, regulate the rate of metabolism

A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

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27
Q

Source: pituitary gland, stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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28
Q

any one of a large number of hormone-like substances secreted by endocrine glands or artificially produced as medications to relieve swelling and inflammation in conditions such as asthma

A

steroid

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29
Q

chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone, used illegally in athletes to increase strength and muscle mass

A

anabolic steroids

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30
Q

a hormone secreted by adipocytes, acts to control the balance of food intake and energy expenditure, as well as female reproduction, immune function, insulin…

A

Leptin

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31
Q

secreted by specialized cells of the brain, able to affect cells throughout the body

A

neurohormones

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32
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

A

endocrinologist

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33
Q

means to secrete within

A

endocrin/o

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34
Q

any disease caused by a disorder of the endocrine system

A

endocrinopathy

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35
Q

means within

A

endo-

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36
Q

means to secrete

A

crin/o

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37
Q

a condition due to excessive secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland

A

hypercrinism

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38
Q

a condition caused by deficient secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland

A

hypocrinism

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39
Q

composed of anterior and posterior lobes, pea sized, hangs from the infundibulum below the hypothalamus, secretes hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

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40
Q

means swift

A

oxy-

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41
Q

means labor

A

-tocin

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42
Q

abnormal enlargement of the extremities that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

A

acromegaly

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43
Q

means extremities

A

acr/o

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44
Q

abnormal overgrowth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty

A

gigantism, aka giantism

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45
Q

pathology resulting in the excessive secretion by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

hyperpituitarism

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46
Q

means pituitary

A

pituitar/o

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47
Q

a condition of reduced secretion due to the partial, or complete, loss of the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

hypopituitarism

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48
Q

any disorder of pituitary function

A

pituitarism

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49
Q

a slow-growing, benign tumor of the pituitary gland. Functioning or nonfunctioning

A

pituitary adenoma, aka pituitary tumor

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50
Q

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin. Females causes infertility and changes in menstruation. Males, impotence

A

prolactinoma, aka prolactin-producing adenoma

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51
Q

disease caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone. Causes excessive urination and excessive thirst

A

diabetes insipidus

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52
Q

a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

A

human growth hormone, aka recombinant GH

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53
Q

a very small endocrine gland that is located in the central portion of the brain

A

pineal gland

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54
Q

a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin, can cause insomnia

A

pinealoma

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55
Q

means pineal gland

A

pineal/o

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56
Q

the surgical removal of the pineal gland

A

pinealectomy

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57
Q

lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage, butterfly-shaped

A

thyroid gland

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58
Q

an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, aka chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

59
Q

disease caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion. Causes fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and slow metabolism

A

hypothyroidism, aka underactive thyroid

60
Q

means thyroid

A

thyroid/o

61
Q

a congenital form of hypothyroidism, causes arrested physical and mental development if treatment isn’t started soon after birth

A

cretinism

62
Q

caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion. causes swelling, particularly around the eyes and cheeks, fatigue, and subnormal temperature

A

myxedema, aka adult hypothyroidism

63
Q

an imbalance of metabolism caused by the overproduction of thyroid hormones. causes high metabolism, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss

A

hyperthyroidism, aka thyrotoxicosis

64
Q

a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. may cause fever, chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, tremors, increased sweating, disorientation, and fatigue

A

thyroid storm

65
Q

characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos, and is an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

66
Q

an abnormal nonmalignant enlargement of the thyroid gland. produces a swelling in the front of the neck, usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone

A

goiter, aka thyromegaly

67
Q

means thyroid

A

thyr/o

68
Q

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

A

exophthalmos

69
Q

a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone. used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

70
Q

measures thyroid function, and is a form of nuclear medicine

A

thyroid scan

71
Q

a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

A

antithyroid drug

72
Q

the administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells, used to treat chronic hyperthyroid disorders such as Graves’ disease

A

chemical thyroidectomy, aka radioactive iodine therapy

73
Q

the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland

A

lobectomy

74
Q

administered to replace lost thyroid function

A

synthetic thyroid hormones

75
Q

4 glands, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, each of which is about the size of a grain of rice

A

parathyroid glands

76
Q

the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone

A

hyperparathyroidism

77
Q

means parathyroid

A

parathyroid/o

78
Q

characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones, can lead to weakened bones or kidney stones

A

hypercalcemia

79
Q

means calcium

A

calc/o

80
Q

characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood

A

hypocalcemia

81
Q

a complication of hyperparathyroidism in which bone becomes softened and deformed, and may develop cysts. can be caused by overproduction of parathyroid hormone or by parathyroid cancer

A

osteitis fibrosa

82
Q

caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone. causes hypocalcemia, and in severe cases, tetany

A

hypoparathyroidism

83
Q

means parathyroid

A

parathyroid/o

84
Q

the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, is performed to control hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroidectomy

85
Q

gland located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity. posterior to the sternum and slightly superior to the heart

A

thymus

86
Q

an inflammation of the thymus gland

A

thymitis

87
Q

means thymus

A

thym/o

88
Q

the surgical removal of the thymus gland

A

thymectomy

89
Q

a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems

A

pancreas

90
Q

those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

A

pancreatic islets

91
Q

the basic form of energy used by the body

A

glucose, aka blood sugar

92
Q

the form in which the liver stores the excess glucose

A

glycogen

93
Q

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

A

insulinoma

94
Q

means insulin

A

insulin/o

95
Q

pain in the pancreas

A

pancreatalgia

96
Q

means pancreas

A

pancreat/o

97
Q

an inflammation of the pancreas, can be caused by long term alcohol abuse

A

pancreatitis

98
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

A

pancreatectomy

99
Q

an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood, seen primarily in diabetes mellitus

A

hyperglycemia

100
Q

excessive thirst

A

polydipsia

101
Q

means thirst

A

-dipsia

102
Q

excessive hunger

A

polyphagia

103
Q

excessive urination

A

polyuria

104
Q

the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream, can cause hypoglycemia

A

hyperinsulinism

105
Q

an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood, causes nervousness, shakiness, confusion, perspiration, anxiety, weakness

A

hypoglycemia

106
Q

means sugar

A

glyc/o

107
Q

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

A

diabetes mellitus

108
Q

an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, causes polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue, slow healing. treated with diet and exercise as well as insulin injections

A

type 1 diabetes

109
Q

an insulin resistance disorder where the body does not use insulin effectively. treated by diet, exercise, and oral medication

A

type 2 diabetes

110
Q

a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies, can disappear after delivery or eventually develop into type 2 diabetes

A

gestational diabetes

111
Q

measures the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours, to screen for diabetes and to monitor treatment

A

fasting blood sugar test

112
Q

performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing hypoglycemia

A

oral glucose tolerance test

113
Q

measures the current blood sugar level, performed by the patient

A

home blood glucose monitoring

114
Q

measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks. more rapid test than the HbA1c

A

fructosamine test

115
Q

a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months

A

Hemoglobin A1c testing, aka HbA1c

116
Q

caused by very low blood sugar

A

insulin shock

117
Q

caused by very high blood sugar

A

diabetic coma

118
Q

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball, can cause loss of vision

A

diabetic retinopathy

119
Q

primarily controls electrolyte levels within the body, located with one on top of each kidney

A

adrenal glands, aka suprarenals

120
Q

mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, that are normally found in the blood

A

electrolytes

121
Q

the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

corticosteroids

122
Q

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone. characterized by chronic, worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss

A

Addison’s disease

123
Q

inflammation of the adrenal glands

A

adrenalitis

124
Q

means adrenal glands

A

adrenal/o

125
Q

an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

A

aldosteronism

126
Q

a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone

A

Conn’s syndrome

127
Q

a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine

A

pheochromocytoma

128
Q

means dusky

A

phe/o

129
Q

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. symptoms include a rounded or “moon face”

A

Cushing’s syndrome

130
Q

a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands

A

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

131
Q

the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the body, administered to suppress inflammation and as an immunosuppressant

A

cortisone

132
Q

a synthetic hormone used as a vasoconstrictor to treat conditions such as heart dysrhythmias and asthma attacks

A

epinephrine

133
Q

gamete-producing glands, ovaries in the females and testicles in males

A

gonads

134
Q

a reproductive cells, sperm in males, ova in female

A

gamete

135
Q

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

A

gonadotropin

136
Q

means gonad

A

gonad/o

137
Q

means to stimulate

A

-tropin

138
Q

the condition of first being capable of reproducing sexually, marked by maturing of the genital organs, development of secondary sex characteristics, and first menstruation in female

A

puberty

139
Q

means having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male

A

virile

140
Q

the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

A

hypergonadism

141
Q

the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

A

hypogonadism

142
Q

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male

A

gynecomastia

143
Q

means female

A

gynec/o

144
Q

means breast

A

mast/o

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