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Med Term 3 Flashcards

1
Q

system that consists of the bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursa.

A

skeletal system

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2
Q

the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

A

periosteum

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3
Q

means bone

A

oste

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4
Q

the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones

A

compact bone

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5
Q

the lighter, and not as strong or compact bone, found in the ends and inner portions of long bones, housing red bone marrow

A

spongy bone

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6
Q

cavity located in the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone.

A

medullary cavity

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7
Q

pertaining to the inner section

A

medullary

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8
Q

the tissue that lines the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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9
Q

hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and throbocytes

A

red bone marrow

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10
Q

means pertaining to the formation of blood cells

A

hemopoietic

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11
Q

pertaining to formation

A

-poietic

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12
Q

functions as a fat storage area, composed chiefly of fat cells and located in the medullary cavity

A

yellow bone marrow

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13
Q

the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.

A

cartilage

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14
Q

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

A

articular cartilage

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15
Q

the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw

A

meniscus

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16
Q

the shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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17
Q

the wide end of the long bone, covered with articular cartilage

A

epiphysis

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18
Q

the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

A

proximal epiphysis

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19
Q

end of the bone located farthest away from the midline

A

distal epiphysis

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20
Q

an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

A

foramen (foramina, plu.)

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21
Q

a normal projection of the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons

A

process

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22
Q

the bony projection located on temporal bones just behind the ears

A

mastoid process

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23
Q

the place of union between two or more bones

A

joints, or articulations

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24
Q

hold the bones tightly together, consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue

A

fibrous joints, aka sutures

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25
Q

flexible soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn

A

fontanelles, aka soft spots

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26
Q

joints that allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

A

cartilaginous joints

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27
Q

the cartilaginous joint that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

A

pubic symphysis

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28
Q

a joint created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions, consisting of several components

A

synovial joint

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29
Q

to come together

A

articulate

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30
Q

joints, such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions

A

ball and socket joints

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31
Q

joints such as the knees and elbows that are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

A

hinge joints

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32
Q

the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

A

synovial capsule

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33
Q

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

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34
Q

flows within the synovial cavity and acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible

A

synovial fluid

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35
Q

bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another, or to cartilage

A

ligaments

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36
Q

a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as the shoulder, elbo, knee, where a tendon passes over a bone

A

bursa (plu. bursae)

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37
Q

protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

A

axial skeleton

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38
Q

pertaining to an axis

A

axial

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39
Q

makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

A

appendicular skeleton

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40
Q

referring to an appendage

A

appendicular

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41
Q

anything that is attached to a major part of the body

A

appendage

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42
Q

shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands

A

upper extremities

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43
Q

hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet

A

lower extremities

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44
Q

consists of the eight bones that form the cranium, 14 that form the face, and 6 in the inner ear

A

skull

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45
Q

made up of 8 flat bones that enclose the brain

A

cranium

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46
Q

means skull

A

crani

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47
Q

forms the forehead

A

frontal bone

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48
Q

two bones that form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium

A

parietal bones

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49
Q

forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium

A

occipital bone

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50
Q

two bones that form the sides and base of the cranium

A

temporal bones

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51
Q

forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit

A

sphenoid bone

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52
Q

bony socket that surrounds and protects the eyeball

A

orbit

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53
Q

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

A

ethmoid bone

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54
Q

the six tiny bones of the middle ear

A

auditory ossicles

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55
Q

the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear, located in the temporal bone on each side of the skull

A

external auditory meatus

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56
Q

external opening of a canal

A

meatus

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57
Q

two bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

A

nasal bones

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58
Q

two bones that articulate with the frontal bone, also known as the cheekbones

A

zygomatic bones

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59
Q

two bones that form most of the upper jaw

A

maxillary bones, aka maxillae (sin. maxilla)

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60
Q

two bones that form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose

A

palatine bones

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61
Q

two bones that make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye

A

lacrimal bones

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62
Q

two bones that are the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

A

inferior conchae (sin. concha)

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63
Q

bone that forms the base for the nasal septum

A

vomer bone

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64
Q

the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities

A

nasal septum

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65
Q

the only movable bone of the skull, attached at the TMJ

A

mandible, aka jawbone

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66
Q

joint where that mandible meets the rest of the skull

A

temporo-mandibular joint

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67
Q

the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs

A

thoracic cavity, aka rib cage

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68
Q

12 pair of bones that attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

A

ribs, aka costals

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69
Q

first seven pairs of ribs, attached anteriorly to the sternum

A

true ribs

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70
Q

three pair of ribs attached anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum

A

false ribs

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71
Q

last two pairs of ribs which are only attached posteriorly

A

floating ribs

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72
Q

forms the middle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts

A

sternum, aka breastbone

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73
Q

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

A

manubrium

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74
Q

the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

A

body of the sternum

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75
Q

the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

A

xiphoid process

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76
Q

the shoulders, supporting the arms and hands

A

pectoral girdle, aka shoulder girdle

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77
Q

means structure that encircles the body

A

girdle

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78
Q

a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

A

clavicle, aka collar bone

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79
Q

the shoulder blade

A

scapula (plu. scapulae)

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80
Q

an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

A

acromion

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81
Q

the bone of the upper arm

A

humerus (plu. humeri)

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82
Q

the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm, running up the thumb side of the forearm

A

radius

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83
Q

the larger and longer bone of the forearm, proximal end articulating with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint

A

ulna

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84
Q

a large projection on the upper end of the ulna, forming the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck

A

olecranon process, aka funny bone

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85
Q

eight bones that form the wrist

A

carpals

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86
Q

the five bones that form the palms of the hand

A

metacarpals

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87
Q

the 14 bones of the fingers, distal, middle, and proximal

A

phalanges (sin. phalanx)

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88
Q

supports the head and body, and protects the spinal cord

A

spinal column, aka vertebral column

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89
Q

a single segment of the spinal column

A

vertebrae

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90
Q

pertaining to the vertebrae

A

vertebral

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91
Q

the solid anterior portion of the vertebrae

A

body of the vertebra

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92
Q

the posterior portion of a vertebra

A

lamina (plu. laminae)

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93
Q

the opening in the middle of the vertebra in which the spinal cord passes through

A

vertebral foramen

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94
Q

the first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck

A

cervical vertebrae, aka C1-C7

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95
Q

pertaining to the neck

A

cervical

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96
Q

the second set of 12 vertebrae, forming the outward curve of the spine

A

thoracic vertebrae, aka T1-T12

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97
Q

pertaining to the thoracic cavity

A

thoracic

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98
Q

the third set of five vertebrae and form the inward curve of the lower spine

A

lumbar vertebrae

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99
Q

means relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis

A

lumbar

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100
Q

the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back

A

sacrum

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101
Q

forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together

A

coccyx

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102
Q

these separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other, made of cartilage

A

intervertebral disks

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103
Q

this protects the internal organs and supports the lower extremities

A

pelvic girdle, aka pelvis or hips

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104
Q

broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

A

ilium

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105
Q

the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

A

sacroiliac

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106
Q

means sacrum

A

sacr/o

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107
Q

means ilium

A

ili

108
Q

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bearing the weight of the body when sitting

A

ischium

109
Q

forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder

A

pubis

110
Q

the fused ilium, ischium, and pubis, held securely together by the pubic symphysis

A

pubic bones

111
Q

the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

A

acetabulum, aka hip socket

112
Q

the upper leg bone, and largest bone in body

A

femur bone, aka thigh bone

113
Q

articulates with the acetabulum

A

head of femur

114
Q

the narrow area just below the head of the femur

A

femoral neck

115
Q

pertaining to the femur

A

femoral

116
Q

the complex joints that make possible movement between the upper and lower leg

A

knees

117
Q

the bony anterior portion of the knee

A

patella, aka kneecap

118
Q

means referring to the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to the knee joint are located

A

popliteal

119
Q

these make possible the movements of the knee, shaped like a cross

A

cruciate ligaments, anterior and posterior

120
Q

the larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg

A

tibia

121
Q

the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

A

fibula

122
Q

the rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle

A

malleolus

123
Q

these are made up of seven short tarsal bones, which form the joint between the lower leg and the foot

A

ankles

124
Q

the anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

A

talus

125
Q

the largest of the tarsal bones

A

calcaneus, aka heel bone

126
Q

these five bones form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached

A

metatarsals

127
Q

the bones of the toes

A

phalanges

128
Q

specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine

A

chiropractor

129
Q

involves manually adjusting the positions of the bones

A

manipulative treatment

130
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles

A

orthopedic surgeon, aka orthopedist

131
Q

uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation

A

osteopath, aka DO

132
Q

means bone

A

oste/o

133
Q

means any bone disease, or medical practice of a DO

A

osteopathy

134
Q

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

A

podiatrist

135
Q

means foot

A

pod

136
Q

means specialist

A

-iatrist

137
Q

the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

A

ankylosis

138
Q

means crooked, bent, or stiff

A

ankyl

139
Q

being capable of movement

A

mobility

140
Q

stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

A

arthrosclerosis

141
Q

means joint

A

arthr/o

142
Q

an inflammation of a bursa

A

bursitis

143
Q

means bursa

A

burs

144
Q

the abnormal softening of cartilage

A

chondromalacia

145
Q

means cartilage

A

chondr/o

146
Q

a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells

A

chondroma

147
Q

an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

A

costochondritis

148
Q

blood within a joint

A

hemarthosis

149
Q

inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint

A

synovitis

150
Q

the total displacement of a bone from its joint

A

dislocation, aka luxation

151
Q

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint

A

subluxation

152
Q

an inflammatory condition of one or more joints

A

arthritis

153
Q

an obsolete term for arthritis to describe any painful disorder of the joints

A

rheumatism

154
Q

most commonly associated with aging

A

osteoarthritis, aka wear-and-tear arthritis

155
Q

a disease characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints

A

degenerative joint disease

156
Q

means the breaking down or impairment of a body part

A

degenerative

157
Q

a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

A

spondylosis, aka spinal osteoarthritis

158
Q

means vertebrae

A

spondyl

159
Q

a type of arthritis characterized by deposites of uric acid in the joints

A

gouty arthritis

160
Q

a byproduct that is normally excreted by the kidneys

A

uric acid

161
Q

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

A

rheumatoid arthritis, aka RA

162
Q

a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

A

ankylosing spondylitis

163
Q

the progressive stiffening of a joint or joints

A

ankylosing

164
Q

means inflammation of the vertebrae

A

spondylitis

165
Q

an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less. Symptoms include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue

A

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

166
Q

the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

A

herniated disk, aka slipped or ruptured disk

167
Q

pain of the lumbar region of the spine

A

lumbago, aka low back pain

168
Q

the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

A

spondylolisthesis

169
Q

means slipping

A

-listhesis

170
Q

a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spindal cord to protect it

A

spina bifida

171
Q

pertaining to the spine

A

spina

172
Q

means split

A

bifida

173
Q

an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side

A

kyphosis, aka humpback or dowager’s hump

174
Q

means hump

A

kyph

175
Q

an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

A

lordosis, aka swayback

176
Q

means bent backwards

A

lord

177
Q

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

scoliosis

178
Q

means curved

A

scoli

179
Q

a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

A

craniostenosis

180
Q

a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue, leading to uneven growth, brittleness, deformity

A

fibrous dysplasia

181
Q

means pain in a bone

A

ostealgia, aka osteodynia

182
Q

an inflammation of bone

A

osteitis, or ostitis

183
Q

an abnormal softening of bones in adults

A

osteomalacia, aka adult rickets

184
Q

an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

A

osteomyelitis

185
Q

the death of bone tissue due to a lack of sufficient blood supply

A

osteonecrosis

186
Q

a bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

A

Paget’s disease, aka osteitis deformans

187
Q

an inflammation of the periosteum

A

periostitis

188
Q

a deficiency disease occurring in children, characterized by defective bone growth, resulting from vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets, aka infantile osteomalacia

189
Q

a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length

A

short stature, formerly dwarfism, little people

190
Q

describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus

A

talipes, aka clubfoot

191
Q

a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone

A

primary bone cancer

192
Q

a tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis, or rib. ages 10-20

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

193
Q

describes tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs

A

secondary bone cancer

194
Q

a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow. can cause pathologic fractures and often fatal

A

myeloma

195
Q

a benign bony projection covered with cartilage

A

osteochondroma,

196
Q

something that is not life-threatening and does not recur

A

benign, or exostosis

197
Q

a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging

A

osteoporosis

198
Q

means small opening

A

por

199
Q

thinner than average bone density in a young person

A

osteopenia

200
Q

means deficiency

A

-penia

201
Q

occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

A

compression fracture, aka vertebral crush fracture

202
Q

fracture occurring at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his hands

A

Colles’ fracture, aka fractured wrist

203
Q

fracture of the hip usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

A

osteoporotic hip fracture, aka broken hip

204
Q

a broken bone

A

fracture

205
Q

fracture in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin

A

closed fracture, aka simple fracture or complete fracture

206
Q

a fracture in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

A

open fracture, aka compound fracture

207
Q

a fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

A

comminuted fracture

208
Q

means crushed into small pieces

A

comminuted

209
Q

a fracture in which the bone is bent and only partially broken

A

greenstick fracture, or incomplete fracture

210
Q

a fracture that occurs at an angle across the bone

A

oblique fracture

211
Q

fracture that occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

A

pathologic fracture

212
Q

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

A

spiral fracture

213
Q

a small fracture in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

A

stress fracture

214
Q

a fracture that occurs straight across the bone

A

transverse fracture

215
Q

forms when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

A

fat embolus

216
Q

the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

A

crepitation, aka crepitus

217
Q

a bulging deposit around the area of the break formed as the bone heals

A

callus

218
Q

the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

A

radiograph

219
Q

the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

A

arthroscopy

220
Q

a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete count test

A

bone marrow biopsy

221
Q

used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

222
Q

used to determine losses or changes in bone density

A

bone density testing

223
Q

a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass

A

ultrasonic bone density testing

224
Q

a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

A

dual x-ray absorptiometry

225
Q

used to treat certain types of cancers that affect bone marrow

A

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

226
Q

uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling

A

allogenic bone marrow transplant

227
Q

the patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining is destroyed.

A

autologous bone marrow transplant

228
Q

means originating within an individual

A

autologous

229
Q

a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

A

orthotic

230
Q

a substitute for a diseased or missing body part

A

prosthesis (plu. prostheses)

231
Q

the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

A

arthrodesis, aka surgical ankylosis

232
Q

means surgical fixation

A

-desis

233
Q

the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

A

artholysis

234
Q

means loosing or setting free

A

-lysis

235
Q

a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint

A

arthroscopic surgery

236
Q

the surgical removal of a bursa

A

bursectomy

237
Q

the surgical repair of damaged cartilage

A

chondroplasty

238
Q

the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint

A

synovectomy

239
Q

means synovial membrane

A

synov

240
Q

means the surgical repair of a damaged joint, or the surgical placement of an artificial joint

A

arthroplasty

241
Q

all of the parts of the knee were replaced

A

total knee replacement (TKR)

242
Q

describes a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced

A

partial knee replacement (PKR)

243
Q

performed to restore a damaged hip to full function

A

total hip replacement (THR), aka total hip arthroplasty

244
Q

an alternative to removing the head of the femur

A

bone-conserving hip resurfacing

245
Q

the replacement of a worn or failed implant

A

revision surgery

246
Q

performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk

A

percutaneous diskectomy

247
Q

performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures

A

percutaneous vertebroplasty

248
Q

the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra

A

laminectomy

249
Q

means lamina

A

lamin

250
Q

a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae

A

spinal fusion

251
Q

the surgical removal of a portion of the skull

A

craniectomy

252
Q

a surgical incision or opening into the skull

A

craniotomy

253
Q

the surgical repair of the skull

A

cranioplasty

254
Q

the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

A

osteoclasis

255
Q

means to break

A

-clasis

256
Q

the surgical removal of bone

A

ostectomy

257
Q

the surgical repair of a bone or bones

A

osteoplasty

258
Q

the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones

A

osteorrhaphy

259
Q

a surgical incision or sectioning of a bone

A

osteotomy

260
Q

an incision through the periosteum to the bone

A

periosteotomy

261
Q

the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation

A

closed reduction, aka manipulation

262
Q

the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

A

immobilization

263
Q

a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

A

traction

264
Q

a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing

A

external fixation

265
Q

a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place

A

internal fixation, aka open reduction internal fixation

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