Med Term 11 Flashcards
the structures outside the eyeball, and include the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus
adnexa of the eyes, aka adnexa oculi
means appendages or accessory structures of an organ
adnexa
the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
orbit
attached to each eye, arranged in three pair
eye muscles
the muscles of both eyes working together in coordinated movements
binocular vision
means two
bin-
means eye
ocul/o
help protect the eyeball from foreign matter, excessive light, and injuries due to other causes
upper and lower eyelids
the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet
canthus
means corner of the eye
canth/o
where the eyelids meet nearest the nose
inner canthus
a vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose
epicanthus
where the eyelids meet farthest from the nose
outer canthus
the framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness and shape
tarsus
means edge of the eyelid
tars/o
prevent foreign matter from reaching the eyes
eyebrows and eyelashes
small hairs that make up the eyelashes
cilia
the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball
conjunctiva
consists of the structures that produce, store, and remove tears
lacrimal apparatus, aka tear apparatus
located on the underside of the upper eyelid just above the outer corner of each eye and secrete lacrimal fluid
lacrimal glands
secretion of this maintains moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball, distributed by blinking
lacrimal fluid, aka tears
consists of a duct at the inner corner of each eye
lacrimal canal
an enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct
lacrimal sac, aka tear sac
the passageway that drains excess tears into the nose
lacrimal duct, aka nasolacrimal duct
a 1-inch sphere with only about one-sixth of its surface visible
the eyeball, aka globe
means pertaining to the eye or sight
optic
means sight
opt/o
means pertaining to the eye
ocular
means eye
ocul/o
means outside the eyeball
extraocular
means on the outside
extra-
means within the eyeball
intraocular
means within
intra-
maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue
sclera, aka white of the eye
means the white of the eye
scler/o
the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye
choroid, aka choroid coat
the sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye. receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain
retina
makes up the front one-third of the eyeball
anterior segment
located behind the cornea and in front of the iris
anterior chamber
located behind the iris and in front of the ligaments holding the lens in place
posterior chamber
fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior segment of the eye
aqueous fluid
this constantly filters and drains the aqueous fluid
trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemm
a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye
intraocular pressure (IOP)
lined with the retina and filled with vitreous gel, and makes up the remaining two-thirds of the eyeball
posterior segment
fills the posterior segment of the eye
vitreous gel, aka vitreous humor
receive images that have passed through the lens of the eye
rods and cones
a clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina, has the sharpest central vision
macula
a pit in the middle of the macula, best with color vision
fovea centralis
a small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve
optic disk, aka blind spot
transmits the nerve impulses from the retina to the brain
optic nerve
the pigmented layer of the eye
uveal tract
a set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina, located within the choroid
ciliary body
the colorful muscular layer of the eye that surrounds the pupil, control the amount of light allowed to enter through the pupil
iris
the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil, primary structure focusing light rays entering the eye
cornea
the black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye
pupil
the clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina
lens
the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances
accommodation
the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other, occurs to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes closer
convergence
the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina
emmetropia
means proper measure
emmetr/o
means vision condition
-opia
the ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina
refraction, aka refractive power
the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance
visual acuity
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eyes and vision
ophthalmologist
means eye
ophthalm/o
holds a Doctor of Optometry degree and specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed
optometrist
means one who measures
-metrist
drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis
blepharoptosis, aka ptosis
means eyelid
blephar/o
means drooping or sagging
-ptosis
a localized swelling inside the eyelid resulting from obstruction of a sebaceous gland
chalazion, aka internal style
the eversion of the edge of an eyelid
ectropion
means out
ec-
means turn
trop/o
the inversion of the edge of an eyelid
entropion
means in
en-
a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland
hordeolum, aka style
swelling surrounding the eye or eyes
periorbital edema
means eyeball
orbit/o
an inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by an infection or allergy
conjunctivitis, aka pinkeye
means conjunctiva
conjunctiv/o
an inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
dacryoadenitis
means tear
dacry/o
means gland
aden/o
bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera, creates a red area over the white of the eye
subconjunctival hemorrhage
drying of the eye surfaces including the conjunctiva
xerophthalmia, aka dry eye
means dry
xer/o
an inflammation of the uveal tract affecting primarily structures in the front of the eye
iritis, aka anterior uveitis
means iris
ir/o
an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea
corneal abrasion
a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury, leaves a cloudy scar that impairs vision
corneal ulcer
an inflammation of the cornea
keratitis
means cornea, also means hard
kerat/o
a benign growth on the cornea that can become large enough to distort vision
pterygium
an inflammation of the sclera
scleritis
an adhesion that binds the iris to an adjacent structure such as the lens or cornea
synechia
a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size
anisocoria
means unequal
anis/o
means pupil
cor/o
the loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity
cataract
an abbreviation meaning pupils are equal, round, responsive to light and accommodation
PERRLA
when the retina is pulled away from its attachment to the choroid in the back of the eye
retinal detachment, aka detached retina
particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina
floaters, aka vitreous floaters
an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurological injury or drug use
nystagmus
swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk. caused by increased intracranial pressure
papilledema, aka choked disk
occurs when a hole develops in the retina as it is pulled away from its normal position
retinal tear
a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision. detected by the presence of dark pigmented spots in the retina
retinitis pigmentosa
occurs as aging causes the vitreous gel to slowly shrink.
vitreous detachment
a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that cause damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve
glaucoma
the most common form of glaucoma, pressure builds up and eventually damages the optic nerve
open-angle glaucoma
form of glaucoma where the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork. causes pain, nausea, redness, and blurred vision. blindness in 2 days
closed-angle glaucoma
a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision, but not in total blindness
macular degeneration
means spot
macul/o
the perception of two images of a single object
diplopia
means double
dipl/o
blindness in one-half of the visual field
hemianopia
means half
hemi-
the inability to distinguish colors
monochromatism, aka color blindness
means one
mon/o
means color
chromat/o
a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night
nyctalopia, aka night blindness
means night
nyctal/o
the condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging
presbyopia
means old age
presby/o
a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus together
strabismus
strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes
esotropia, aka cross-eyes
means inward
eso-
strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other
exotropia, aka walleye
means outward
exo-
a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina
refractive disorder
any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina. includes astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia
ametropia
a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea
astigmatism
a defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina
hyperopia, aka farsightedness
a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina
myopia
the inability to see
blindness
a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye
amblyopia
means dim or dull
ambly/o
an abnormal area of absent or depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision
scotoma, aka blind spot
used to measure visual acuity
snellen chart (SC)
an examination procedure to determine an eye’s refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed
refraction
the unit of measurement of a lens’ refractive power
diopter
the visual examination of the fundus of the eye with an ophthalmoscope
ophthalmoscopy
medicated drops placed into the eyes that produce temporary paralysis
mydriatic drops
a diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye including the cornea, iris, and lens
slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy
the measurement of intraocular pressure
tonometry
the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye. causes a corneal abrasion to appear bright green
fluorescein staining
a radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium
fluorescein angiography
performed to determine losses in peripheral vision
visual field testing
a surgical incision into the orbit
orbitotomy
means bony socket
orbit/o
the partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids
tarsorrhaphy
means eyelid
tars/o
the surgical repair of the conjunctiva
conjunctivoplasty
the surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor
corneal transplant, aka keratoplasty
the surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris
iridectomy
means iris
irid/o
may be fitted to wear over a malformed eye or to replace an eyeball that is either congenitally missing or has been surgically removed
ocular prosthesis
a surgical procedure to treat myopia
radial keratotomy
the removal of the vitreous fluid and its replacement with a clear solution
vitrectomy
means vitreous fluid
vitr/o
the general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens
lensectomy
means lens
lens/o
the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract
phacoemulsification
a surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed
intraocular lens
an eye in which the natural lens has been replaced with an intraocular lens
pseudophakia
means false
pseudo/o
means lens
phak/o
uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye
laser iridotomy
used to treat open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly
laser trabeculoplasty
acronym for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
LASIK
means carving
-mileusis
the use of lasers to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels
photocoagulation
used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment
retinopexy
means retina
retin/o
means pertaining to the sense of hearing
auditory
means hearing or sense of hearing
audit/o
means relating to sound or hearing
acoustic
means hearing or sound
acous/o
the external portion of the ear
pinna, aka auricle
transmits sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear
external auditory canal
secreted by ceruminous glands that line the auditory canal. a protective fluid
cerumen
located between the outer ear and the inner ear and transmits sound across this space
middle ear
located between the outer and middle ear
tympanic membrane
means tympanic membrane
myring/o, and tympan/o
surrounds the middle ear and are hollow air spaces located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone
mastoid bone cells
three small bones found in the middle ear
auditory ossicles
auditory ossicle also known as the hammer
malleus
auditory ossicle also known as the anvil
incus
auditory ossicle also known as the stirrup
stapes
narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and the throat. equalized pressure in the middle ear
eustachian tubes, aka auditory tubes
contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance
inner ear, aka labyrinth
located under the base of the stapes, and is the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear
oval window
the snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure that forms the inner ear
cochlea
a fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it
cochlear duct
receives the vibrations from the cochlear duct and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers
organ of Corti
contain the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair-like cells. help maintain equilibrium
semicircular canals
transmit information from the semicircular canals to the brain
acoustic nerves
the process by which sound waves enter the ear through the pinna
air conduction
occurs as the eardrum vibrates and moves the auditory ossicles
bone conduction
occurs when sound vibrations reach the inner ear
sensorineural conduction
specializes in the measurement of hearing function and in the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments
audiologist
means hearing
audi/o
an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal
impacted cerumen
pain in the ear
otalgia, aka earache
means ear
ot/o
means any inflammation of the ear
otitis
a fungal infection of the external auditory canal
otomycosis
the flow of pus from the ear
otopyorrhea
bleeding from the ear
otorrhagia
pressure-related ear discomfort that can be caused by pressure changes when flying, driving, scuba diving, or when the eustachian tube is blocked
barotrauma
means pressure
bar/o
means injury
-trauma
inflammation of the eustachian tube
eustachitis, aka salpingitis
means eustachian tube
eustach/o
an inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone cells
mastoiditis
means mastoid process
mastoid/o
a contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum
infectious myringitis
the ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear, resulting in a conductive hearing loss
otosclerosis
distention of the eustachian tube
patulous eustachian tube
an inflammation of the middle ear
otitis media
usually associated with an upper respiratory infection and is most commonly seen in young children
acute otitis media
a fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis media or can be caused by obstruction of the eustachian tube
serous otitis media
a buildup of pus within the middle ear due to infection
acute purulent otitis media
an inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness
labyrinthitis
means labyrinth
labyrinth/o
a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance, that is often combined with nausea and vomiting
vertigo
a rare chronic disease in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus
Meniere’s syndrome
a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or boh ears
tinnitus
the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear
deafness
a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages
presbycusis
means old age
presby/o
means hearing
-cusis
occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear
conductive hearing loss
develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged
sensorineural hearing loss, aka nerve defness
a type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises such as a gunshot, or to moderately loud noise that continues for long periods of time
noise-induced hearing loss
the measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness
audiological evaluation
the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity
audiometry
means to measure
-metry
a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is
hertz
commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of sound
decibel
testing one ear
monaural testing
means hearing
aur/o
testing both ears
binaural testing
the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear
tympanometry
the surgical repair of the pinna of the ear
otoplasty
the surgical removal of mastoid cells
mastoidectomy
the surgical incision in the eardrum to create an opening for the placement of tympanostomy tubes
myringotomy
tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections
tympanostomy tubes, aka pediatric ear tubes
the surgical correction of a damaged middle ear, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function
tympanoplasty
the surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device known as a piton that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear
stapedectomy
a surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore hearing
fenestration
means window
fenestra/o
an external electronic device that uses a microphone to detect sounds
hearing aid
the surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth
labyrinthectomy
a surgical incision between two of the fluid chambers of the labyrinth
labyrinthotomy
an implanted electronic device that can give a deaf person a useful auditory understanding of the environment and/or hearing and help them to understand speech
cochlear implant
