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School > Med Term 11 > Flashcards

Med Term 11 Flashcards

1
Q

the structures outside the eyeball, and include the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus

A

adnexa of the eyes, aka adnexa oculi

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2
Q

means appendages or accessory structures of an organ

A

adnexa

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3
Q

the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

A

orbit

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4
Q

attached to each eye, arranged in three pair

A

eye muscles

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5
Q

the muscles of both eyes working together in coordinated movements

A

binocular vision

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6
Q

means two

A

bin-

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7
Q

means eye

A

ocul/o

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8
Q

help protect the eyeball from foreign matter, excessive light, and injuries due to other causes

A

upper and lower eyelids

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9
Q

the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

A

canthus

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10
Q

means corner of the eye

A

canth/o

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11
Q

where the eyelids meet nearest the nose

A

inner canthus

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12
Q

a vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose

A

epicanthus

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13
Q

where the eyelids meet farthest from the nose

A

outer canthus

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14
Q

the framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness and shape

A

tarsus

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15
Q

means edge of the eyelid

A

tars/o

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16
Q

prevent foreign matter from reaching the eyes

A

eyebrows and eyelashes

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17
Q

small hairs that make up the eyelashes

A

cilia

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18
Q

the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball

A

conjunctiva

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19
Q

consists of the structures that produce, store, and remove tears

A

lacrimal apparatus, aka tear apparatus

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20
Q

located on the underside of the upper eyelid just above the outer corner of each eye and secrete lacrimal fluid

A

lacrimal glands

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21
Q

secretion of this maintains moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball, distributed by blinking

A

lacrimal fluid, aka tears

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22
Q

consists of a duct at the inner corner of each eye

A

lacrimal canal

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23
Q

an enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct

A

lacrimal sac, aka tear sac

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24
Q

the passageway that drains excess tears into the nose

A

lacrimal duct, aka nasolacrimal duct

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25
Q

a 1-inch sphere with only about one-sixth of its surface visible

A

the eyeball, aka globe

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26
Q

means pertaining to the eye or sight

A

optic

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27
Q

means sight

A

opt/o

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28
Q

means pertaining to the eye

A

ocular

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29
Q

means eye

A

ocul/o

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30
Q

means outside the eyeball

A

extraocular

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31
Q

means on the outside

A

extra-

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32
Q

means within the eyeball

A

intraocular

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33
Q

means within

A

intra-

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34
Q

maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue

A

sclera, aka white of the eye

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35
Q

means the white of the eye

A

scler/o

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36
Q

the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye

A

choroid, aka choroid coat

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37
Q

the sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye. receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain

A

retina

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38
Q

makes up the front one-third of the eyeball

A

anterior segment

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39
Q

located behind the cornea and in front of the iris

A

anterior chamber

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40
Q

located behind the iris and in front of the ligaments holding the lens in place

A

posterior chamber

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41
Q

fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior segment of the eye

A

aqueous fluid

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42
Q

this constantly filters and drains the aqueous fluid

A

trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemm

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43
Q

a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye

A

intraocular pressure (IOP)

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44
Q

lined with the retina and filled with vitreous gel, and makes up the remaining two-thirds of the eyeball

A

posterior segment

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45
Q

fills the posterior segment of the eye

A

vitreous gel, aka vitreous humor

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46
Q

receive images that have passed through the lens of the eye

A

rods and cones

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47
Q

a clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina, has the sharpest central vision

A

macula

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48
Q

a pit in the middle of the macula, best with color vision

A

fovea centralis

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49
Q

a small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve

A

optic disk, aka blind spot

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50
Q

transmits the nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

A

optic nerve

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51
Q

the pigmented layer of the eye

A

uveal tract

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52
Q

a set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina, located within the choroid

A

ciliary body

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53
Q

the colorful muscular layer of the eye that surrounds the pupil, control the amount of light allowed to enter through the pupil

A

iris

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54
Q

the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil, primary structure focusing light rays entering the eye

A

cornea

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55
Q

the black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye

A

pupil

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56
Q

the clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina

A

lens

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57
Q

the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances

A

accommodation

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58
Q

the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other, occurs to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes closer

A

convergence

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59
Q

the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina

A

emmetropia

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60
Q

means proper measure

A

emmetr/o

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61
Q

means vision condition

A

-opia

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62
Q

the ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina

A

refraction, aka refractive power

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63
Q

the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance

A

visual acuity

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64
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eyes and vision

A

ophthalmologist

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65
Q

means eye

A

ophthalm/o

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66
Q

holds a Doctor of Optometry degree and specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed

A

optometrist

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67
Q

means one who measures

A

-metrist

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68
Q

drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis

A

blepharoptosis, aka ptosis

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69
Q

means eyelid

A

blephar/o

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70
Q

means drooping or sagging

A

-ptosis

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71
Q

a localized swelling inside the eyelid resulting from obstruction of a sebaceous gland

A

chalazion, aka internal style

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72
Q

the eversion of the edge of an eyelid

A

ectropion

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73
Q

means out

A

ec-

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74
Q

means turn

A

trop/o

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75
Q

the inversion of the edge of an eyelid

A

entropion

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76
Q

means in

A

en-

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77
Q

a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland

A

hordeolum, aka style

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78
Q

swelling surrounding the eye or eyes

A

periorbital edema

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79
Q

means eyeball

A

orbit/o

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80
Q

an inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by an infection or allergy

A

conjunctivitis, aka pinkeye

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81
Q

means conjunctiva

A

conjunctiv/o

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82
Q

an inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

A

dacryoadenitis

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83
Q

means tear

A

dacry/o

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84
Q

means gland

A

aden/o

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85
Q

bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera, creates a red area over the white of the eye

A

subconjunctival hemorrhage

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86
Q

drying of the eye surfaces including the conjunctiva

A

xerophthalmia, aka dry eye

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87
Q

means dry

A

xer/o

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88
Q

an inflammation of the uveal tract affecting primarily structures in the front of the eye

A

iritis, aka anterior uveitis

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89
Q

means iris

A

ir/o

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90
Q

an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea

A

corneal abrasion

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91
Q

a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury, leaves a cloudy scar that impairs vision

A

corneal ulcer

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92
Q

an inflammation of the cornea

A

keratitis

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93
Q

means cornea, also means hard

A

kerat/o

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94
Q

a benign growth on the cornea that can become large enough to distort vision

A

pterygium

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95
Q

an inflammation of the sclera

A

scleritis

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96
Q

an adhesion that binds the iris to an adjacent structure such as the lens or cornea

A

synechia

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97
Q

a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size

A

anisocoria

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98
Q

means unequal

A

anis/o

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99
Q

means pupil

A

cor/o

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100
Q

the loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity

A

cataract

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101
Q

an abbreviation meaning pupils are equal, round, responsive to light and accommodation

A

PERRLA

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102
Q

when the retina is pulled away from its attachment to the choroid in the back of the eye

A

retinal detachment, aka detached retina

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103
Q

particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina

A

floaters, aka vitreous floaters

104
Q

an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurological injury or drug use

A

nystagmus

105
Q

swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk. caused by increased intracranial pressure

A

papilledema, aka choked disk

106
Q

occurs when a hole develops in the retina as it is pulled away from its normal position

A

retinal tear

107
Q

a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision. detected by the presence of dark pigmented spots in the retina

A

retinitis pigmentosa

108
Q

occurs as aging causes the vitreous gel to slowly shrink.

A

vitreous detachment

109
Q

a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that cause damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve

A

glaucoma

110
Q

the most common form of glaucoma, pressure builds up and eventually damages the optic nerve

A

open-angle glaucoma

111
Q

form of glaucoma where the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork. causes pain, nausea, redness, and blurred vision. blindness in 2 days

A

closed-angle glaucoma

112
Q

a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision, but not in total blindness

A

macular degeneration

113
Q

means spot

A

macul/o

114
Q

the perception of two images of a single object

A

diplopia

115
Q

means double

A

dipl/o

116
Q

blindness in one-half of the visual field

A

hemianopia

117
Q

means half

A

hemi-

118
Q

the inability to distinguish colors

A

monochromatism, aka color blindness

119
Q

means one

A

mon/o

120
Q

means color

A

chromat/o

121
Q

a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night

A

nyctalopia, aka night blindness

122
Q

means night

A

nyctal/o

123
Q

the condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging

A

presbyopia

124
Q

means old age

A

presby/o

125
Q

a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus together

A

strabismus

126
Q

strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes

A

esotropia, aka cross-eyes

127
Q

means inward

A

eso-

128
Q

strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other

A

exotropia, aka walleye

129
Q

means outward

A

exo-

130
Q

a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina

A

refractive disorder

131
Q

any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina. includes astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia

A

ametropia

132
Q

a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea

A

astigmatism

133
Q

a defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina

A

hyperopia, aka farsightedness

134
Q

a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina

A

myopia

135
Q

the inability to see

A

blindness

136
Q

a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye

A

amblyopia

137
Q

means dim or dull

A

ambly/o

138
Q

an abnormal area of absent or depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision

A

scotoma, aka blind spot

139
Q

used to measure visual acuity

A

snellen chart (SC)

140
Q

an examination procedure to determine an eye’s refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed

A

refraction

141
Q

the unit of measurement of a lens’ refractive power

A

diopter

142
Q

the visual examination of the fundus of the eye with an ophthalmoscope

A

ophthalmoscopy

143
Q

medicated drops placed into the eyes that produce temporary paralysis

A

mydriatic drops

144
Q

a diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye including the cornea, iris, and lens

A

slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy

145
Q

the measurement of intraocular pressure

A

tonometry

146
Q

the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye. causes a corneal abrasion to appear bright green

A

fluorescein staining

147
Q

a radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium

A

fluorescein angiography

148
Q

performed to determine losses in peripheral vision

A

visual field testing

149
Q

a surgical incision into the orbit

A

orbitotomy

150
Q

means bony socket

A

orbit/o

151
Q

the partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids

A

tarsorrhaphy

152
Q

means eyelid

A

tars/o

153
Q

the surgical repair of the conjunctiva

A

conjunctivoplasty

154
Q

the surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor

A

corneal transplant, aka keratoplasty

155
Q

the surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris

A

iridectomy

156
Q

means iris

A

irid/o

157
Q

may be fitted to wear over a malformed eye or to replace an eyeball that is either congenitally missing or has been surgically removed

A

ocular prosthesis

158
Q

a surgical procedure to treat myopia

A

radial keratotomy

159
Q

the removal of the vitreous fluid and its replacement with a clear solution

A

vitrectomy

160
Q

means vitreous fluid

A

vitr/o

161
Q

the general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens

A

lensectomy

162
Q

means lens

A

lens/o

163
Q

the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract

A

phacoemulsification

164
Q

a surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed

A

intraocular lens

165
Q

an eye in which the natural lens has been replaced with an intraocular lens

A

pseudophakia

166
Q

means false

A

pseudo/o

167
Q

means lens

A

phak/o

168
Q

uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye

A

laser iridotomy

169
Q

used to treat open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly

A

laser trabeculoplasty

170
Q

acronym for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

A

LASIK

171
Q

means carving

A

-mileusis

172
Q

the use of lasers to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels

A

photocoagulation

173
Q

used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment

A

retinopexy

174
Q

means retina

A

retin/o

175
Q

means pertaining to the sense of hearing

A

auditory

176
Q

means hearing or sense of hearing

A

audit/o

177
Q

means relating to sound or hearing

A

acoustic

178
Q

means hearing or sound

A

acous/o

179
Q

the external portion of the ear

A

pinna, aka auricle

180
Q

transmits sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear

A

external auditory canal

181
Q

secreted by ceruminous glands that line the auditory canal. a protective fluid

A

cerumen

182
Q

located between the outer ear and the inner ear and transmits sound across this space

A

middle ear

183
Q

located between the outer and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

184
Q

means tympanic membrane

A

myring/o, and tympan/o

185
Q

surrounds the middle ear and are hollow air spaces located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone

A

mastoid bone cells

186
Q

three small bones found in the middle ear

A

auditory ossicles

187
Q

auditory ossicle also known as the hammer

A

malleus

188
Q

auditory ossicle also known as the anvil

A

incus

189
Q

auditory ossicle also known as the stirrup

A

stapes

190
Q

narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and the throat. equalized pressure in the middle ear

A

eustachian tubes, aka auditory tubes

191
Q

contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance

A

inner ear, aka labyrinth

192
Q

located under the base of the stapes, and is the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear

A

oval window

193
Q

the snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure that forms the inner ear

A

cochlea

194
Q

a fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it

A

cochlear duct

195
Q

receives the vibrations from the cochlear duct and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers

A

organ of Corti

196
Q

contain the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair-like cells. help maintain equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

197
Q

transmit information from the semicircular canals to the brain

A

acoustic nerves

198
Q

the process by which sound waves enter the ear through the pinna

A

air conduction

199
Q

occurs as the eardrum vibrates and moves the auditory ossicles

A

bone conduction

200
Q

occurs when sound vibrations reach the inner ear

A

sensorineural conduction

201
Q

specializes in the measurement of hearing function and in the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments

A

audiologist

202
Q

means hearing

A

audi/o

203
Q

an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal

A

impacted cerumen

204
Q

pain in the ear

A

otalgia, aka earache

205
Q

means ear

A

ot/o

206
Q

means any inflammation of the ear

A

otitis

207
Q

a fungal infection of the external auditory canal

A

otomycosis

208
Q

the flow of pus from the ear

A

otopyorrhea

209
Q

bleeding from the ear

A

otorrhagia

210
Q

pressure-related ear discomfort that can be caused by pressure changes when flying, driving, scuba diving, or when the eustachian tube is blocked

A

barotrauma

211
Q

means pressure

A

bar/o

212
Q

means injury

A

-trauma

213
Q

inflammation of the eustachian tube

A

eustachitis, aka salpingitis

214
Q

means eustachian tube

A

eustach/o

215
Q

an inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone cells

A

mastoiditis

216
Q

means mastoid process

A

mastoid/o

217
Q

a contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum

A

infectious myringitis

218
Q

the ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear, resulting in a conductive hearing loss

A

otosclerosis

219
Q

distention of the eustachian tube

A

patulous eustachian tube

220
Q

an inflammation of the middle ear

A

otitis media

221
Q

usually associated with an upper respiratory infection and is most commonly seen in young children

A

acute otitis media

222
Q

a fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis media or can be caused by obstruction of the eustachian tube

A

serous otitis media

223
Q

a buildup of pus within the middle ear due to infection

A

acute purulent otitis media

224
Q

an inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness

A

labyrinthitis

225
Q

means labyrinth

A

labyrinth/o

226
Q

a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance, that is often combined with nausea and vomiting

A

vertigo

227
Q

a rare chronic disease in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus

A

Meniere’s syndrome

228
Q

a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or boh ears

A

tinnitus

229
Q

the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear

A

deafness

230
Q

a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

A

presbycusis

231
Q

means old age

A

presby/o

232
Q

means hearing

A

-cusis

233
Q

occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear

A

conductive hearing loss

234
Q

develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged

A

sensorineural hearing loss, aka nerve defness

235
Q

a type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises such as a gunshot, or to moderately loud noise that continues for long periods of time

A

noise-induced hearing loss

236
Q

the measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness

A

audiological evaluation

237
Q

the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity

A

audiometry

238
Q

means to measure

A

-metry

239
Q

a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is

A

hertz

240
Q

commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of sound

A

decibel

241
Q

testing one ear

A

monaural testing

242
Q

means hearing

A

aur/o

243
Q

testing both ears

A

binaural testing

244
Q

the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear

A

tympanometry

245
Q

the surgical repair of the pinna of the ear

A

otoplasty

246
Q

the surgical removal of mastoid cells

A

mastoidectomy

247
Q

the surgical incision in the eardrum to create an opening for the placement of tympanostomy tubes

A

myringotomy

248
Q

tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections

A

tympanostomy tubes, aka pediatric ear tubes

249
Q

the surgical correction of a damaged middle ear, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function

A

tympanoplasty

250
Q

the surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device known as a piton that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear

A

stapedectomy

251
Q

a surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore hearing

A

fenestration

252
Q

means window

A

fenestra/o

253
Q

an external electronic device that uses a microphone to detect sounds

A

hearing aid

254
Q

the surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth

A

labyrinthectomy

255
Q

a surgical incision between two of the fluid chambers of the labyrinth

A

labyrinthotomy

256
Q

an implanted electronic device that can give a deaf person a useful auditory understanding of the environment and/or hearing and help them to understand speech

A

cochlear implant

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