Lesson 13 (Part 2) Flashcards
What is the formula to find the volume of the bladder?
L x H x W x 0.523 = cc
What plane do you measure the length of the bladder?
In sagittal
- diagonally
How do you measure the bladder in transverse? (2)
- Anterior to posterior
- height - Right to left
- width
Voiding
Peeing
What should the bladder wall be when its normal?
Thin
- not routinely measured
What might you see with colour doppler on the bladder?
Ureters jetting at the UVJ
What does colour doppler aid in with the bladder?
Identifying obstructions
Where is the reverberation artifact in the bladder?
Mostly in the near field
- anterior portion of the bladder
How do you fix some of the reverberation artifact of the bladder?
Adjust the gain
- but not too dark
What are 3 pitfalls of the bladder?
- Obese patients
- Surgical scars
- Abdominal dressing
What can surgical scars produce?
Artifacts
What does the 7th week urorectal septum fuses with?
Cloacal membrane
What does the urorectal septum do?
It divides urogenital sinus and dorsal rectum
What is the bladder continuous with?
Allantois
What does the allantois become?
Urachus
- fibrous cord
What is another name for urachus?
Median umbilical ligament
What 2 things happen as the bladder grows?
- Distal mesonephric ducts becomes part of the connective tissue into the bladder trigone
- Ureters open into the bladder
What are 3 anomalies related to renal growth?
- Hypoplasia
- Fetal lobulation
- Compensatory hypertrophy
Hypoplasia
Under formation
- under development
- incomplete
- decrease in function
Hypoplasia kidneys
Small kidneys
- reduced nephrons
What is difficult to differentiate in hypoplasia?
Between the sinuses and the cortex
Persistent fetal lobulation
Is an uncommon condition that causes the surface of the kidney to appear as several lobules instead of smooth, flat and continuous
What is fetal lobulation normally present in?
Children until 4-5 years of age
- if it persists it becomes an anomaly
What percentage of fetal lobulation is seen in adults?
51%
What is fetal lobulation seen as?
Smooth indentations
Compensatory hypertrophy
Increase in cell size or increase in cell division
- enlarged kidney
What are 2 types of compensatory hypertrophy?
- Diffuse
2. Focal
What causes compensatory hypertrophy to diffuse? (5)
- Contralateral nephrectomy
- Renal agenesis
- Renal hypoplasia
- Renal atrophy
- Renal displasia
Focal compensatory hypertrophy
Area of normal tissue enlarged in a diseased kidney
What does focal compensatory hypertrophy look like?
A mass
Why would one kidney by hypertrophy?
When one kidney is removed or no longer working so the other kidney has to compensate and do more work so it gets larger
Renal atrophy
Smaller kidney
