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EV ACVD Study > Leishmania/Mycobacteria > Flashcards

Leishmania/Mycobacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Geographically, where will you find Lutzomyia

A

New World

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2
Q

Geographically, where will you find Phlebotomus

A

Old World

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3
Q

Vector for Leishmania

A

Sandflies

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4
Q

Time of day that sandflies feed

A

Crepuscular, nocturnal

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5
Q

Main reservoir of cutaneous and mucocutaneous Leishmania

A

Rodents, wild animals

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6
Q

USA states with endemic Leishmania

A

-Texas (reportable)
-Oklahoma

-Alabama
-Michigan
-Ohio

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7
Q

Most common Leishmania species in dogs

A

Leishmania infantum

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7
Q

Species that get Leishmania infantum infections

A

Dogs
Cats
Humans (Braziliensis, donovani)

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8
Q

In which cell does Leishmania live

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

When Leishmania is in the host’s body, what form is it in

A

Amastigote, non-flagellate

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10
Q

When Leishmania is in the foregut and mouthparts of Sandflies (infectious state), which form is it in

A

Promastigote (flagellated)

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11
Q

Where in the dog’s body would you find Leishmania

A

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, skin, spleen, liver

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12
Q

How can a host develop Leishmania WITHOUT a sandfly vector

A

*Vertical transmission
*Sexual transmission (epididymus, glans penis, testis, prepuce)
*Blood transfusions

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13
Q

T or F: Most dogs that contract Leishmania are clinical

A

False. Many are subclinical

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14
Q

Age of Leishmania infection

A

Bimodal

2-4 years old (younger)
7+ years old (older)

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15
Q

Breeds predisposed to Leishmania

A

*Boxer
*GSD
*Rottweiler
*Cocker spaniel

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16
Q

Immune response type that makes you RESISTANT to Leishmania infection

A

Th1

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17
Q

Immune response type that makes you SUSCEPTIBLE to Leishmania infection

A

Th2

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18
Q

Which cell is important for control of Leishmania infections

A

Macrophages

(which Leish likes to invade!)

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19
Q

Which cytokines are crucial for inducing macrophage anti-leishmanial activity

A

IFN-g
IL-2
TNFa

(Th1)

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20
Q

Which cells can lyse infected bacrophages

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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21
Q

If dogs have cutaneous lesions, they probably also have ________

A

Visceral lesions

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22
Q

Ocular lesions of Leishmania

A

Conjunctivitis
Anterior uveitis
Blepharitis
KCS

23
Q

Most common cutaneous lesion of Leishmania

A

*Exfoliative dermatitis

Prominent on pinnae, head, extremities, pressure points

Nasodigital hyperkeratosis, periocular alopecia (lunettes)

-Can also have ulcerative dermatitis on paws, pinnae, MC junctions

24
Q

What organs can enlarge with Leishmania

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen

+weight loss, muscle atrophy despite strong appetite

25
Q

Which disease 2’ to Leishmania is the typical cause of death

A

CKD (PUPD)

Occurs 2’ circulating immune complexes, vasculitis

26
Q

Clinical signs from circulating immune complexes 2’ Leishmania

A

PUPD -> Renal failure
Vasculitis
Uveitis
Polyarthritis

27
Q

Labwork findings with Leishmania

A

-Elevated liver enzymes
-Renal values
-Proteinuria

28
Q

T or F: PCR of peripheral blood is likely to diagnose Leishmania

A

FALSE. Rarely detected in peripheral blood.

Antibody tests are better in peripheral blood. High antibody levels are associated with high tissue parasite loads

29
Q

What is the most sensitive test to diagnose Leishmania? Where should you collect your sample from

A

PCR for Leishmania DNA

Bone Marrow/Lymph node&raquo_space; Skin > Conjunctiva > Whole blood/buffy coat

30
Q

Histopath stain to find Leishmania amastigotes

A

Giemsa stain

31
Q

Which adnexa is often affected by Leishmania, which causes the exfoliative dermatitis

A

Sebaceous glands

32
Q

T or F: Leishmania is often curable with Meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol

A

False. Relapses are common

33
Q

Main drug to treat Leishmania? Side effects?

A

Meglumine antimoniate (SC)

AEs: Nephrotoxic. Cellulitis at injection site

34
Q

MOA of allopurinol in Leishmania treatment

A

Hypothanine that is metabolized by Leishmania to produce an inosine analogue

Inosine analog is incorporated into Leishmania RNA –> inhibits parasite multiplication

35
Q

Alternative treatment to meglumine antimoniate for Leishmania? MOA?

A

Miltefosine

Directly toxic on Leishmania. Use WITH allopurinol

36
Q

Prevention of Leishmania

A

*Inside at dusk/dawn
*Commercial vaccine (Brazil, Europe)
*Permethrin, Imidacloprid, Deltamethrin topicals

37
Q

Most common species of CUTANEOUS Leishmania

A

*L braziliensis
*L peruviana

Can have coninfections with L infantum

38
Q

Breed with canine VISCERAL leishmaniosis in USA

A

Foxhounds! (Starting in NY, but found all over N America)

39
Q

Best stain for Actinomyces on histopath

A

Giemsa
Gram
Silver

(NEGATIVE for acid fast/ Fite Faraco_

40
Q

T or F: FIV/FeLV is a predisposing factor for actinomyces

A

FALSE.

Actinomyces are usually healthy individuals. Nocardia is immunosuppressed ones

41
Q

Predisposed signalment for Nocardia infection

A

Male, immunocompromised

42
Q

Where is Nocardia found? Where is actinomyces found?

A

Nocardia: soil
Actinomyces: commensal

43
Q

Are atypical mycobacteria rapid or slow growing

A

Rapid

44
Q

Most common clinical lesion associated with atypical mycobacteria

A

Panniculitis

(esp cats&raquo_space; dogs)

45
Q

What medication is used to treat Nocardia? AE of long term use?

A

TMS

Myelosuppression

46
Q

How would you identify mycobacteria on cytology

A

Negatively staining rods within macrophages (or free-floating)

47
Q

Will you see Mycobacteria on H&E histopath?

A

No. Not visible within macrophages on histo

Need to use acid fast

48
Q

Which species causing feline leprosy causes periocular lesions only, with a good prognosis

A

Mycobacteria tarwinese

49
Q

Which species causing feline leprosy causes more generalized lesions that ulcerate in young animals, with a worse prognosis

A

Mycobacteria lepraiefelis

50
Q

Difference between feline leprosy and atypical mycobacteria

A

Feline leprosy: dermal nodules, slow growing
Atypical: SC nodules, inguinal pad, fast growing

51
Q

Reservoir for Mycobacteria microti

A

Rodents

52
Q

Reservoir for Mycobacteria bovis

A

Cattle, badgers

53
Q

Route of transmission for slow growing Mycobacteria (microti, bovis)

A

Bites

54
Q

Signalment of cat with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

A

Immunosuppressed
Breeds: Siamese, Abyssinian

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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