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EV ACVD Study > Epidermis > Flashcards

Epidermis Flashcards

1
Q

Keratin of stratum basale

A

K5, K14
(Also K1, K6 in dogs)

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2
Q

2 types of keratinocytes in stratum basale

A

1) Stem cells (slowly dividing)
2) Transit amplifying cells (rapidly proliferating)

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3
Q

Epidermal Proliferative Unit

A

Progeny of 1 original stem cell, transit amplifying cells –> terminally differentiated cells in all layers of epidermis

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4
Q

What are the spines in the stratum spinosum?

A

Desmosomes

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5
Q

Keratins of stratum spinosum

A

K1, K10
(also K4, K15, K16 in dogs)

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6
Q

In what layer is involucrin made?

A

Stratum spinosum

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7
Q

In what layer is profilaggrin made?

A

Stratum spinosum

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8
Q

In what layer are lamellar granules made?

A

Stratum spinosum

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9
Q

Products of the stratum spinosum (3)

A

1) Involucrin
2) Profilaggrin
3) Lamellar granules

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10
Q

What is present in keratohyalin granules? (3)

A

1) Profilaggrin
2) Keratin filaments
3) Loricrin

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11
Q

In which layer does the cornified cell envelope construction begin?

A

Stratum granulosum

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12
Q

Where are lamellar granules released?

A

Apical side of stratum granulosum (into base of stratum corneum)
-Plasma membrane fuses to release into intercellular space

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13
Q

What is inside lamellar bodies? (10)

A

1) Spingomyelin
2) Glucosyl ceramides
3) Phospholipids
4) Sterols (cholesterol)
5) Proteases (steroid sulfatase, phospholipase A2, sphingomyelinase, β-glucocerebrosidase)
6) Protease inhibitors
7) Kallikreins = proteases for desquamation
8) Cathepsins = proteases for desquamation
9) Corneodesmosin
10) Antimicrobial peptides

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14
Q

What is in the extracellular lipid matrix? (3)

A

1) Ceramides
2) Fatty acids
3) Cholesterol

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15
Q

Which cytoskeleton components are used for intracellular transport?

A

1) Microfilaments (actin)
2) Microtubules (α-tubulin, β-tubulin)

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16
Q

Which cytoskeleton components are used for scaffolding?

A

Intermediate filaments (keratin)

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17
Q

pH of Type I keratins

A

Acidic

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18
Q

Size of Type I keratins

A

Smaller

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19
Q

Numbers of Type I keratins

A

K9-19

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20
Q

pH of Type II keratins

A

Basic

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21
Q

Size of Type II keratins

A

Larger

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22
Q

Numbers of Type II keratins

A

K1-8

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23
Q

What type of keratins form heterodimers?

A

A type I keratin (acidic, K9-19) dimerizes with a type II keratin (basic, K1-8)

Parallel alignment

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24
Q

What is the progression of keratin assembly (classic model)?

A

Type I and Type II keratin line up → antiparallel heterodimers → tetramers → protofilaments → protofibrils → keratin intermediate filaments

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25
Q

How are keratin intermediate filaments bonded?

A

Crosslinked via disulfide bonds

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26
Q

Who binds KIFs?

A

Filaggrin

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27
Q

What happens to filaggrin after it successfully assembles KIFs and flattens corneocytes?

A

Becomes a natural moisturizing factor

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28
Q

Where specifically are tight junctions found?

A

SG2
Responsible for permeability barrier of epidermis

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29
Q

Which is the deepest layer of the stratum granulosum?

A

SG3 (labeled as though 1-3 from pencil driving into the skin from outside)

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30
Q

What is the role of tight junctions?

A

Seals intercellular spaces
Holds H2O inside
Prevents antigens from entering from outside

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31
Q

In which layer does keratin intermediate filament assembly occur?

A

SG1

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32
Q

In which layer does cornified cell envelope construction occur?

A

SG1

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33
Q

What is the benefit of the cubic rod-packing and membrane templating model of KIF assembly?

A

Better explains strength and water-holding capacity of epidermis

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34
Q

Which mineral is potentially involved in profilaggrin processing?

A

Calcium

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35
Q

In which layer is profilaggrin cleaved into filaggrin?

A

Stratum graulosum

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36
Q

How many filaggrin monomers are cleaved from 1 profilaggrin unit?

A

4 in dogs

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37
Q

In which layer is filaggrin degraded?

A

Stratum corneum

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38
Q

What molecules is filaggrin degraded into?

A

Natural moisturizing factors
-Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (maintain epidermal hydration) + amino acids
-Urocanic acid (hydration + photoprotection)
*Both are also antimicrobial

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39
Q

What is the job of NMF pyrrolidone carboxylic acid?

A

Maintain epidermal hydration

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40
Q

What is the job of NMF urocanic acid?

A

Photoprotection

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41
Q

Which enzyme helps degrade filaggrin into NMF?

A

Caspase 14

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42
Q

What helps heads and tails of keratins stick together?

A

Glycine loops- sticky!

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43
Q

In which layer are the lamellar bodies exocytosed?

A

SG1 (most superficial layer), at junction with stratum corneum

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44
Q

How does a desmosome become a corneodesmosome?

A

Corneodesmosin (released from lamellar body)

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45
Q

Name 2 families of enzymes important for desquamation

A

-Kallikreins
-Cathepsins

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46
Q

How do antimicrobial peptides arrive at the epithelial surface?

A

From lamellar bodies

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47
Q

What are the 2 components of a ceramide?

A

1) Fatty acid
2) Sphingosine base

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48
Q

What is the corneocyte lipid envelope composed of?

A

Single layer of ω-hydroxyceramides and ω-hydroxy fatty acids

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49
Q

What is the role of the corneocyte lipid envelope?

A

-Acts as a scaffold to organize extracellular lamellar bilayers
-Attaches to involucrin on cornified cell envelope
-Linoleic acid (ω-6 OFA) is a component of ω-hydroxyceramides

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50
Q

Where is linoleic acid involved in the skin barrier?

A

Component of corneocyte lipid envelope; ω-hydroxyceramides
(Also in phospholipids, glucosylceramides, acylceramides)

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51
Q

Which mineral is required for the functioning of transglutaminases?

A

Calcium-dependent

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52
Q

In which phase of skin development are transglutaminases crucial?

A

Construction of the cornified cell envelope

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53
Q

What type of bonds do transglutaminase enzymes form? Why do they matter?

A

-N(ε)-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine isopeptide bonds
-Highly resistant to proteolysis

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54
Q

What are the components of the cornified cell envelope? (6)

A

1) Involucrin
2) Loricrin
3) Envoplakin
4) Periplakin
5) Small proline-rich peptides (SPRs)
6) + other proteins

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55
Q

Which part of the cornified cell envelope touches the lipid lamellae?

A

Involucrin

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56
Q

Which part of the cornified cell envelope touches the keratin intermediate filaments+filaggrin?

A

Loricrin

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57
Q

Which part of the cornified cell envelop is the major structural component?

A

Loricrin (>70%)

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58
Q

Steps of cornified cell envelope construction (4)

A

1) OUTER LAYERS OF ENVELOPE
-Periplakin and envoplakin dimerize via Ca++
-Transglutaminase 1 attaches involucrin and periplakin/envoplakin to plasma membrane (Ca++ dependent)
2) LAMELLAR GRANULE FUSION
Lamellar granules fuse with plasma membrane, secreting lipids and enzymes into intercellular space
3) INNER LAYERS OF ENVELOPE
-Transglutaminase 3 links loricrin with small proline-rich peptides (SPRs)
-Transglutaminase 1 links loricrin+SPRs to involucrin (on outer side of CE)
-Transglutaminase 1 links involucrin to ω-hydroxyceramides in extracellular lipid layer
4) COMPLETION OF cornified envelope
-CE replaces cell membrane
-KIFs linked to CE at type II head domains
-Loricrin inside, involucrin outside

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59
Q

If transglutaminase 1 is broken, what step of cornification is affected?

A

NO CORNIFIED CELL ENVELOPE
-Loricrin/SPRs are not attached to CE
-Involucrin is not attached to ω-hydroxyceramides

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60
Q

What triggers lamellar granules secretion?

A

Increase in extracellular calcium concentration in SG1

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61
Q

What is this?

A

Lamellar granule

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62
Q

What is the origin of lamellar bodies?

A

Trans-Golgi network

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63
Q

Name 2 ceramide precursors (prior to combination w/FFA)

A

1) Spingomyelin
2) Glucosylceramide

64
Q

Name 3 lipids in the stratum corneum

A

1) Free fatty acids
2) Cholesterol
3) Ceramides

65
Q

What type of bond links fatty acids to sphingoid bases to form ceramides?

A

Amine- link

66
Q

What may serve as a scaffold for the intercellular lipid lamellae?

A

ω-hydroxyceramides

67
Q

What is the precursor to ω-hydroxyceramides?

A

Acylceramides

68
Q

Which structure is key for skin barrier function and ichthyosis pathogenesis?

A

Cornified lipid envelope
(ω-hydroxyceramides bonded to CE)

69
Q

What are the 2 components of phospholipids?

A

1) Free fatty acid
2) Glycerol

70
Q

What is the function of free fatty acids from phospholipids?

A

Acidify stratum corneum
(important for enzyme functioning to make ceramides)

71
Q

What is the function of glycerol from phospholipids?

A

Hydration support

72
Q

What is cholesterol transformed into in the extracellular lipid matrix?

A

-Some is untransformed
-Some is transformed into cholesterol sulfate

73
Q

What is the function of cholesterol sulfate?

A

Impairs desquamation

–cholesterol sulfate can be metabolized to cholesterol by steroid sulfatase in ECM, so desquamation can occur

74
Q

Name 4 keratinocyte-to-keratinocyte adhesion structures

A

1) Desmosomes
2) Corneodesmosomes
3) Tight junctions
4) Adherens junctions

75
Q

Which keratinocyte adhesion structure provides structural strength to the epidermis?

A

Desmosomes

76
Q

T or F: Desmosomes are fixed

A

F. Desmosomes are constantly rearranging as keratinocytes migrate suprabasally

77
Q

What do desmosomes link together?

A

Neighboring keratinocytes and their KIFs

78
Q

What is the extracellular portion of the desmosome called?

A

Desmoglea

79
Q

What are the intracellular portions of the desmosome called?

A

-Outer dense plaque
-Inner dense plaque (connects to KIFs

80
Q

What are the 3 major components of desmosomes?

A

1) Cadherins (transmembrane, Ca dependent)
2) Armadillo proteins (bind to cadherins)
3) Plakin proteins

81
Q

What are the cadherins in desmosomes?

A

1) Desmogleins
2) Desmocollins

82
Q

What are the armadillo proteins in desmosomes?

A

1) Plakoglobin
2) Plakophillin

83
Q

What are the plakin proteins in desmosomes?

A

1) Desmoplakin
2) Envoplakin
3) Periplakin

84
Q

In addition to desmosomes (as the plakin proteins), where else in the epidermis are envoplakin/periplakin components?

A

Cornified cell envelope (next to involucrin)

85
Q

What are the 3 general regions of the desmosome?

A

-Desmoglea
-Outer dense plaque
-Inner dense plaque

86
Q

Role of corneodesmosin in corneodesmosomes?

A

-Glycine loops are sticky
-Mediate reversible intermolecular adhesion
-In desmoglea

87
Q

Which cadherins are present in corneodesmosomes?

A

Desmocollin 1, Desmoglein 1 (also corneodesmosin)
Superficial

88
Q

Where does corneodesmosin come from?

A

Lamellar bodies

89
Q

What is the role of tight junctions?

A

-Seals intercellular space
-Controls paracellular movement of molecules
-Acts as a semipermeable barrier depending on molecule’s size and ionization –>keeps lipids form CLE out from SG1 and lower
-Performs “fence function” –> helps lamellar bodies know where to dump their materials, where apical surface is

90
Q

What are the components of tight junctions? (4)

A

1) Claudins (transmembrane, critical)
2) Occludins (transmembrane)
3) Junctional adhesion molecules, JAMs (transmembrane, Ig-like)
4) Zonula occludens (ZO) proteins (Intracellular, interacts with actin)

91
Q

Which component of tight junctions is intracellular?

A

Zonula occludens proteins

92
Q

Which components of tight junctions are transmembrane?

A

-Occludins
-Claudins
-Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs)

93
Q

Which component of tight junctions interacts with actin?

A

Zonula occludens proteins

94
Q

In which layer are there tight junction-related structures?

A

Stratum corneum

95
Q

5 functions of adherens junctions?

A

1) Initiate + maintain cell-cell adhesion
2) Regulate organization of actin cytoskeleton
3) Establish hub for cell signaling and regulation of gene transcription
4) Regulate keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation
5) Role in wound healing

96
Q

What are the components of adherens junctions?

A

1) E- Cadherin (transmembrane)
2) Cytoplasmic catenins
3) Actin

97
Q

What are the cytoplasmic catenins involved in adherens junctions?

A

-β-catenin
-p120 catenin
-α-catenin

97
Q

What are the Cadherins involved in adherens junctions?

A

E-cadherin (transmembrane, Ca++ dependent)

98
Q

What cell is able to BYPASS tight junctions?

A

Langerhans cells – dendrites can pass, in order to sample superficial AGs

99
Q

Which 2 protease families are responsible for enzymatic cleavage of corneodesomsomes?

A

1) Kallikreins (serine proteases)
2) Cathepsins (cystine proteases)

100
Q

Which protease family can degrade corneodesmosin, desmocollin, and desmoglein?

A

Kallikreins

101
Q

What is crucial for proteases to be able to cleave corneodesmosome?

A

pH! (Free fatty acids in extracellular lipids is crucial for acidifying the stratum corneum)

102
Q

What is the role of LEKTI (lympho-epithelial kazal type inhibitor)?

A

Inhibits kallikrein (protease that degrades corneodesmosome)

103
Q

Where does LEKTI come from?

A

Lamellar granules

104
Q

What pH is LEKTI most effective?

A

Neutral pH

(As Stratum corneum becomes more acidic, LETKI stops inhibiting kallikrein, so desquamation can occur)

105
Q

What regulates rate of desquamation?

A

Balance of kallikrein and LEKTI
(Also cholesterol sulfate inhibits kallikriens too!)

106
Q

What processes are Ca++ responsible for regulating? (4)

A

1) Transcription of genes (encoding for keratinocyte differentiation proteins)
2) Lamellar granule secretion
3) Transglutaminase activity (cornified cell envelope)
4) Cleavage of profilaggrin to filaggrin
(+adherens junction, needed for E-cadherin)

107
Q

Calcium level in stratum basale

A

Low

108
Q

Calcium level in stratum spinosum

A

Low

109
Q

Calcium level in stratum granulosum

A

High

110
Q

Calcium level in stratum corneum

A

Very low

111
Q

In a disturbed skin barrier, what is the calcium level throughout (including stratum granulosum)

A

Low

112
Q

What prevents extracellular calcium from reaching the stratum corneum?

A

Tight junctions

113
Q

Why does the basketweave pattern occur in stratum corneum?

A

Corneodesmosomes are first degraded on top/bottom of cells, then laterally. So the corneocytes are holding hands, and lifting off in sheets together

114
Q

What are the goals of desquamation (2)?

A

1) Maintains epidermal homeostasis
2) Removes microorganisms, preventing colonization

115
Q

Layer affected by hyperkeratosis on histopath

A

thickening of stratum corneum

116
Q

Layer affected by lichenification on histopath

A

thickening of stratum spinosum

117
Q

In human AD, is expression of filaggrin increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

118
Q

In human AD, is expression of loricrin (for CE) increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

119
Q

In human AD, is expression of involucrin (for CE) increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

120
Q

In human AD, is expression of corneodesmosins increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

121
Q

In human AD, is desquamation increased or decreased?

A

Increased

122
Q

In human AD, is TEWL increased or decreased?

A

Increased

123
Q

In human AD, is percutaneous penetration of allergens/microbes increased or decreased?

A

Increased

124
Q

If there is no genetic mutation in filaggrin, why do some AD patients still have decreased filaggrin expression?

A

Th2 cytokines decrease filaggrin expression

125
Q

Lamellar body secretion can be abnormal in humans with AD. Where can lamellar bodies be retained?

A

Retained in stratum corneum

126
Q

In cAD, is total lipid content in the stratum corneum increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

-Decreased fatty acids and ceramides too
-Abnormal, disorganized, reduced lipid lamellae

127
Q

In human AD, is tight junction expression increased or decreased

A

Decreased

128
Q

Th2 cytokines downregulate _____, resulting in fewer tight junctions in AD

A

Claudin 1

129
Q

3 ways PAR2 (Protease Activated Receptor 2) activation on keratinocytes contributes to inflammation and skin barrier disruption in cAD

A

1) Disrupts claudin-1 and occludins
2) Reduces tight junction barrier integrity
3) Promotes Th2 inflammation and pruritus

130
Q

Only 2 general mechanisms by which keratinocytes can respond to a challenge

A

1) Increase proliferation
2) Stimulate inflammation

131
Q

How does oral omega fatty acid supplementation help in dogs with cAD?

A

Normalize stratum corneum lipids - restore skin barrier function

132
Q

How does scratching impact cAD?

A

Perpetuates damage to skin barrier; scratching downregulates claudin 1 expression –> worsens tight junction function
(Inhibit Akt-claudin pathway to decrease scratching and rescue claudin expression)

133
Q

Name that ichthyosis

A

Norfolk terrier
K10
Mild epidermolytic ichthyosis
(hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis)

134
Q

Which form of ichthyosis has severe adherent “parchment paper” like scale w/ Malassezia overgrowth?

A

Jack Russel Terrier
TG1
Markedly attenuated/absent CE
Leads to fragmentation of lipid lamellae

135
Q

Which form of ichthyosis results in generalized large white scale, ventral hyperpigmentation?

A

Golden retrievers
PNPLA-1
Acyltransferase, which donates linoleic acid to ceramides
CLE attenuated/absent

136
Q

Which form of ichthyosis results in generalized white scale, ventral adherent scale and erythema, Malassezia overgrowth + pruritus?

A

American bulldogs
NIPAL-4
Ichthyin (cofactor for enzyme) that synthesizes long chain fatty acids
*Toxic metabolite accumulation in stratum granulosum
*Lamellar body contents inside corneocytes

137
Q

Which form of ichthyosis results in toxic metabolite accumulation in the stratum granulosum?

A

American bulldog
NIPAL 4

138
Q

Treatment for ichthyosis

A

“Soak and slather” –> manage barrier defects, lifelong

139
Q

Name that disease: young, scaly dog

A

Nonepidermolytic ichthyosis

140
Q

Name that disease: young, scaly dog

A

Epidermolytic ichthyosis (swelling/lysis in upper spinous and granular cell layers)

141
Q

What characterizes ichthyosis as “epidermolytic”?

A

Defect in keratin formation

142
Q

What gene has been associated with linear hyperkeratotic plaques and follicular fronds in labrador retrievers?

A

NSDHL
Cholesterol processing
X-Linked semidominant
Pawpad hyperkeratosis

143
Q

Which gene is responsible for severe pawpad hyperkeratosis with SC papillated proliferations in Rottweilers?

A

DSG1

144
Q

Which gene is responsible for hereditary nasal parakeratosis in labrador retrievers (hypopigmentation diffusely, crusting dorsally)?

A

SUV39H2

145
Q

What is pathogenesis-based therapy?

A

Treating the mechanism for the cornification disorder?
ie: in CHILD syndrome/ NSDHL chihuahua (cholesterol metabolism) –> replace cholesterol topically and give oral medication to lower systemic cholesterol levels to prevent toxic metabolic accumulation

146
Q

3 breeds with palmoplantar keratoderma

A

1) Dogues de Bordeaux (K16, recessive)
2) Irish Terrier/Kromfohrlander (FAM83G, recessive)
3) Rottweiler (DSG1, spontaneous)

147
Q

2 breeds with NSDHL disorders (cholesterol metabolism)

A

1) Labrador retriever (linear hyperkeratotic plaques and papillated projections, X-linked semidominant)
2) Chihuahua (linear epidermal nevi, X linked semidominant)

148
Q

Name 2 antimicrobial peptides found in lamellar bodies

A

1) human β-defensin 2
2) cathelicidin LL-37

149
Q

Epidermal turnover time in dogs
1) Normal
2) w/ seborrhea
3) w/ ichthyosis

A

1) 22d
2) 7d
3) 3.6d

150
Q

Epidermal turnover time in horses/cows

A

17-18d

151
Q

Which part of the cornified cell envelope is a fundamental promoter of epidermal terminal differentiation?

A

Loricrin

152
Q

What is the final shape of the KIF core in mature corneocytes?

A

Flattened tetrakaidecahedron

153
Q

Which protein in tight junctions can bind transcription factors, to help regulate cell proliferation?

A

Zona occludens proteins

154
Q

Which gene codes of LEKTI?

A

SPINK5

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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