Horse + LA Infectious dz (NAVDF Layne, Rosenkrantz) Flashcards
1
Q
“Summer rash”
“Saddle sores”
“Sweating eczema”
A
Staphylococcal folliculitis
More common in summer; in areas that tack rubs
2
Q
What can owners do to minimize risk of Staph infection
A
Rinse/bathe horses after being worked
3
Q
Most common Staphylococcus species in horse pyodera
A
S. aureus
4
Q
Staph species you may find in horse pyoderma
A
*S. aureus
*S pseudintermedius
*S hyicus hyicus
*S delphini
5
Q
Staph species on healthy horse skin
A
CoNS
*S xylosus
*S lentus
*S epidermidiis
*S hemolyticus
*S capitis
*S sciuri
6
Q
Most common MRSA lineages in horses
A
CC398 is increasing prevalence –> from equine hospitals!
(also common in swine)
CC8 is decreasing prevalence
7
Q
T or F: humans with MRSA often have CC398 (equine hospital type)
A
False. Rarely causes infections in humans
8
Q
T or F: Epidermic human MRSA from human hospitals has been found to cause nosocomial infections in horses (ST22, ST225)
A
True
9
Q
Risk factors for MRSA in horses
A
*Hospitalization
*Preventative penicillin use
*Ceftiofur
*Aminoglycosides
*Exposure to previously colonized horses
*Antibiotics within 30 days
*Admission to neonatal ICU, hospital
10
Q
Main antibiotic used for MRSA in horses
A
TMS, then doxycycline
11
Q
Main antibiotics for MSSA in horses
A
Procaine penicillin, gentamicin, ceftoifur, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, rifampin
12
Q
T or F: empiric enrofloxacin is a fair choice for horse pyoderma
A
False. Likely to induce resistance, MRSA
13
Q
Most common species of Staphylococcal pyoderma in food animals
A
S aureus
14
Q
Staphylococcus isolated from goat skin
A
S aureus
S hemolyticus
S warneri
S epidermidis
S chromogenes
S caprae
S hyicus
15
Q
Staphylococcus isolated from cow skin
A
S aureus
S chromogenes
S hyicus
16
Q
Staphylococcus isolated from sheep skin
A
S aureus
S xylosus
S epidermidis
17
Q
Staphylococcus isolated from pig skin
A
S aureus
S hyicus
S chromogenes
S sciuri
18
Q
What bacteria are considered normal commensals in most food animals
A
S aureus
S hyicus
19
Q
Most common colonization sites of staphylococcus in food animals
A
Udders, tears, nasal/oral/perineal mucous membranes
20
Q
Primary causes for secondary bacterial infections in food animals
A
*Stress from parturition/lactation
*Poor nutrition
*Overcrowding
*Transport
*Poor hygiene
*Coarse feed or bedding
*External, Internal parasitism
*Systemic illness
21
Q
Which food animal more commonly develops impetigo
A
Dairy cows– as lesions are most common on tears/udder.
Milking equipment, lack of sanitization = predisposing factors
22
Q
Predisposing factors for impetigo Staph pyoderma in dairy cows
A
Milking equipment, lack of sanitization
23
Q
Where is impetigo staph pyoderma most common on the body of large animals
A
Teats/udders
24
Q
Can impetigo on teats lead to mammillitis or mastitis?
A
Debatable
25
Where is folliculitis most common on farm animals
Anywhere, but sparsely haired regions are more common
-Periocular
-Muzzle
-Ventral abdomen
-Medial thighs
26
"Udder rot"
"Udder cleft dermatitis"
"Flexural, udder seborrhea"
"Necrotic dermatitis"
Udder dermatitis 2' Fusobacterium, Trueperella, Treponemes >> Staphylococcus
NOT usually 2' Staphylococcus, but clinically overlaps with Staph intertrigo.
27
Are small or large animal veterinary staff more likely to be nasal carriers of MRSA
Large animal
28
T or F: food animals are a reservoir of MRSA for human infection
True.
Zoonosis to hand dermatitis on dairy workers, skin wounds on pig farmers
29
What is the Sequence Type of MRSA that is associated with swine >> calves, chicken, dogs, horses, pigs, rats, humans
ST 398
Relatively non-host specific
30
Topical therapies for superficial, local pyoderma in food animals
*Chlorhexidine
*Povidone-iodine
31
Concern with systemic antibiotics in food animals
Legal issues if going into food supply
Base on C&S if you are going to do this
32
Other name for "Greasy pig disease"
Exudative epidermitis
33
Age of pigs with EE
Suckling or recently weaned pigs. Age 4 days to 6 weeks
34
T or F: Most cases of EE are severe
False. Usually mild. But CAN have extensive morbidity/mortality
35
Body regions on piglets where EE begins
Axillae, groin
Reddish/copper skin discoloration w/ thin scales
Then pustules on lips, nose, tongue, coronary band
Progresses to widespread greasy brown exudate w/oral erosions and ulcers
36
Clinical lesions of exudative epidermitis in piglets, advanced disease
*Widespread greasy brown exudate
*Oral erosions and ulcers
*Coronary band, heel erosions/ulcers
37
What sign of acantholysis will be present on abdominal skin
Positive Nikolsky sign
38
What non-cutaneous sign can be caused by Staphylococcus hyicus in pigs
Septic arthritis
39
Cause of death from exudative epidermitis in piglets
Anorexia, dehydration
Lesions are PAINFUL (not pruritic. Not pyrexic)
40
Exfoliative toxins that cause exudative epidermitis
*Exh A, B, C, D
*SHETA, SHETB
41
Target of Exh A, B, C, D & SHETA, SHETB
DSG-1
--> acantholytic kertinocytes
Digest it DSG-1. Similar to Scalded Skin Syndrome in humans
42
T or F: Staphylococcus hyicus is a commensal in pig skin
True.
Abrasions/trauma or co-infection with Porcine Circovirus type 2 or porcine parvovirus may predispose piglet to EE
43
Predisposing factors of piglets to EE
*Abrasions/trauma
*Co-infection with Porcine Circovirus type 2 or porcine parvovirus
44
Reportable vesicular lesions in pigs DDx
*Foot and mouth disease
*Swine vesicular disease
*Vesicular stomatitis
*Vesicular exanthema
45
Which antibiotics are Staphylococcus hyicus commonly resistant to
*Ceftiofur (71%)
*Penicillin G (97%)
46
How is exudative epidermitis best managed
Prevention: hygiene husbandry, no crowding, needle teeth
Treatment: Topical and systemic help. Use C&S
47
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (shape, gram, O2)
Gram positive
Facultative anaerobic
Rod
48
Where in the body is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae a commensal bacteria on many mammals
Oral, tonsillar
(Outdoor, unvaccinated pigs >> dog, marine mammals)
49
3 forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
1) Subacute = classic diamond skin disease
-Erythematous papules, wheals on throat, neck, pinnae, abdomen, thighs --> rhomboid plaques --> necrotic in center
2) Acute = fever, lameness, anorexia + purpural skin discoloration of jowls, abdomen, pinnae, legs
3) Chronic = ulceration, necrosis of pinnae, tail, feet
50
Clinical lesions of classic diamond skin disease
-Erythematous papules, wheals on throat, neck, pinnae, abdomen, thighs --> rhomboid plaques --> necrotic in center
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
51
Differential for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Actinobacillus suis
52
What is the issue with culturing Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
It is slow growing-- so may need PCR
53
Treatment for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Ampicillin, amoxicillin
FQs in small animals
54
T or F: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is zoonotic
TRUE
Human infections are minor, self limiting. Bright red/purple swellings on hands/fingers where they touched the animal
55
How to prevent Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Commercial vaccine available
56
Dermatophilus congolensis (shape, gram, O2)
Gram positive
Facultative anaerobe cocci actinomycete
TWO MORPHOLOGIES!
1) Filamentous hyphae
2) Motile zoospores
57
How do Dermatophilus congolensis hyphae branch
Both transverse and longitudinal separation --> packets of coccoid cells, aka Railroad tracks!
58
What is the infectious stage of Dermatophilus congolensis
Ovoid Zoospores!!
59
"Rain rot"
"Rain scald"
"Mud fever"
"Lumpy wool"
"Strawberry foot rot"
"Strerothricosis"
Causative agent
Dermatophilus congolensis
Strawberry foot rot can also be Parapox virus in sheep
60
Transmission of Dermatophilus congolensis
Infected crusts in the environment
Also insect bites
61
Climate that facilitates Dermatophilus congolensis
Warm, humid environments
62
Animals most likely to be affected by Dermatophilus congolensis
*Horses
*Cattle
*Sheep
*Goats
*Camelids
LESS likely to affect swine (housed inside)
63
Clinical lesions of Dermatophilus congolensis
"Paintbrush crusts": large crusts containing exudated matted hairs with thick purulent green underlying debris
Tufted papules, pustules
If severe: Edema, fever, lymphadenopathy
64
How to get a cytology sample of dry Dermatophilus congolensis
*Soak crust in saline, mince with a scalpel, spread on a slide and let it dry
65
Concern with culturing Dermatophilus congolensis
*Needs carbon dioxide
*Slow growth
66
Treatment Dermatophilus congolensis
*Move to dry pasture, or shelter from rain
*Remove crusts (careful of environmental contamination)
*Topical: lime sulfur, chlorhexidine
*TMS, penicillins
67
T or F: Dermatophilus congolensis is zoonotic
TRUE
Lesions on humans' hands, arms. Painful erythematous papules/nodules
68
Causes of abscesses in large animals
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
*Actinomyces bovis
*Actinobacillus ligieresii
*Atypical mycobacteria
*Truperella pyogenic
*Nocardia
*Streptococcus
*Fusobacterium
69
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (shape, gram, O2)
Gram positive
Facultative anaerobe
Coccoid, club, or rod shapes (single or clusters)
Few in number
70
Cause of caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants and cattle
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
71
Cause of ulcerative lymphangitis in small ruminants, cattle, horses
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
72
Clinical signs of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
SC nodules, granulomas, draining abscesses
Occur at site of wound, fly strike, moisture
73
Vector of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Fly strike, wound, excess moisture
74
Cause of "Lumpy Jaw"
Actinomyces bovis
75
Cause of Actinomyces bovis
Oral trauma --> firm swelling over mandible
76
Clinical signs of Actinomyces bovis
Nodule over mandible --> ulcerates, drains
May contain "sulfur granules" = white/yellow granules
77
Which ruminant bacteria can cause white/yellow sulfur granules
Actinomyces bovis (Lumpy jaw)
Also Actinobacillus lignieressi (wooden tongue)
78
Actinomyces bovis (shape, gram, O2)
Gram positive
Anaerobe!
Filaments, V/Y/T forms
79
Diagnosis of Actinomyces bovis
Anaerobic culture for a long time (slow growth)
80
Histopath of Actinomyces bovis
Splendore-Hoeppli (brightly eosinophilic aggregates in a capsule) with internal mycelial fragments, rosette of peripheral club-shaped structures. Held together by protein-polysaccharide capsule (prevents phagocytosis)
81
Causative agent of "Wooden Tongue"
Actinobacillus lignieresii
82
T or F: Actinobacillus lignieresii is an oral/rumen commensal
True
83
What is the most common clinical presentation of Actinobacillus lignieresii
Firm, ulcerated nodules/abscesses in the mouth, jaw, neck
Discharge "sulfur granules"
84
Actinobacillus lignieresii (shape, gram)
Gram negative
Coccobacillus, rod
85
Where do atypical mycobacteria come from
Environment
Infection is rare
86
Cause of atypical mycobacterial infection
Traumatic incolulation, host immunocompromise
87
Which species of mycobacteria can infect large animals
M kansaii
M ulcerans
88
Clinical lesions of atypical mycobacteria in food animals
SC nodules
Ulcerative lymphangitis
Swollen limb
Corded lymphatics
89
Diagnosis of atypical mycobacteria
Acid fast rods on cytology or histopath
Difficult to culture. PCR is good
+ on tuberculin test if affected
90
"Farcy" causative agent
Mycobacteria senegalese
In Africa, Asia, S America.
Systemic organ infection --> death
91
Most common dermatophyte in sheep, goats, cows, camelids
Trichophyton verrucosum
92
Most common dermatophyte in pigs
Nannizzia nanum (previously M nanum)
93
What needs to be added to DTM for Trichophyton verrucosum
Thiamine (100%), inositol (80%)
94
What needs to be added to DTM for Tricophyton equinum
Niacin
95
Who is this
Nannizia nanum (pigs)
96
T or F: dermatophyte vaccine exists for cows outside the USA
True
But disease usually self-limiting in 3-4 months for healthy cpws
97
Causative organism for Contagious Viral Pustular Dermatitis
Parapoxvirus
Orf
Contagious echthyma
Farmyard Pox
98
Species affected by Orf (parapoxvirus)
Sheep, goats, camelids
99
Age of animals affected by Orf (parapoxvirus)
Young. 2-4 months old
Self limiting. High morbidity, low mortality
100
How does Orf (parapoxvirus) spread
From skin abrasions on mouth
To teats when nursing
101
T or F: Orf (Parapoxvirus) is zoonotic
True
(Also, Pseudopox in cows causes Milkers Nodules. Orf looks similar. Depends on if contact is sheep vs cow!)
102
Cause for feline cowpox
"Cowpox"
Orthopoxvirus
Endemic in Europe, Asia
103
Reservoir for Cowpox
Rodents. Cats contract this from hunting rodents near cow farms. Resolves w/o treatment within 2 months.
Rarely causes disease in cattle. DOES cause disease in cats!, humans
104
Causative agent for teat fibropapilloma in cows
BPV-1
105
Causative agent for head/neck/shoulder fibropapilloma in cows
BPV-2
106
Causative agent for "atypical warts". Flat. Do not regress. In cows
BPV-3
107
Causative agent for "Rice grain" warts on teats in cows. All ages. Do not regress
BPV-5
108
Causative agent for for branching warts on teats that leave ulcers underneath in cows
BPV-6
109
What is unique about BPV-4 and Brackenfern
Infection of brackenfern plant interacts with BPV-4, resulting in urinary cancer!
110
2 forms of ovine papillomavirus: age and body distribution for each
1) Filiform squamous papilloma: young sheep. lower legs
2) Fibropapillomavirus: Adult sheep. Face, pinnae, legs, teats.
111
Which ruminants are predisposed to Trichophyton verrucosum
-Indoor animals
-"Show" animals. "Club lamb fungus" bc 4H lambs get it more; handled more!
112
Colloquial names for Actinomyces vs Actinobacillus in cows
Actinomyces (gram +): lumpy jaw
Actinobacillus (gram -): wooden tongue
113
Which type of immune response can be detrimental to clearance of BOTH pythium and Leishmania
Th2
114
Where are the viral inclusions for Papillomavirus
Intracytoplasmic
(Also for herpes)
115
3 Oncogenes for Papillomavirus (and how they affect the immune system)
E5:
-Downregulate MHC cl I (immune evasion)
-Decreased gap junctions (KC separate from neighbors)
-Interacts with PDGF (more mitosis)
E6:
-Downregulate p53 (which usually holds cell cycle in G1-S)
E7:
-Cell transformation, pRb phosphorylation
116
Which Papillomavirus gene is the target of the SA vaccine
L1 (Capsid structure)
117
Causative agent of Equine Sarcoids
BPV1
BPV2
118
Causative agent of Feline Sarcoids
BPV14
119
Horses most likely to develop Dermatophytosis
Young or immunosuppressed
Hot, moist, humid environments
120
Season where Dermatophytosis is more common in horses
Fall/winter
121
Body region of Malassezia dermatitis in horses
*Caudal intermammary
*Tail head
*Prepuce
122
Most common Malassezia sp in Equines
*Malassezia furfur
*M slooffiae
*M obtusa
*M globosa
*M restricta
123
Swinepox vector
Haematopinus suis: ventrum, thighs, udder, teat, vulva
Mosquito: face, pinnae, dorsum
124
Bovine leukemia virus clinical signs
70% = asymptomatic
1-5% develop B cell lymphoma
Many have immunosuppression
Many have reduced milk production
125
EHV3 disease
Herpes Coital Exanthema
Ulcers --> smooth, white scars
Avoid breeding until clear (~3 weeks)
126
Cow with respiratory signs and pustular vulvovaginitis
BHV1
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis or balanoposthitis
127
Are antivirals (acyclovir, famcyclovir) virocidal or virostatic
Virostatic
Only disinfectants are virocidal
128
MOA of acyclovir
Nucleoside analog. Replaces GTP in DNA synthesis
Herpesvirus specific
129
Adverse effects of acyclovir
Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic (if pre-existing renal dz), bone marrow suppression
130
Cow
Causative agent?
Rice grain warts
BPV5
131
Cow
Causative agent?
BPV2
Neck, neck, shoulder fibropapilloma in young cows
132
Cow
Causative agent?
BPV3
Atypical warts. Any location, any age
Do not spontaneously regress
133
Cow
Causative agent?
BPV6
Conical papillomas on tears
134
Clinical signs of BPV 1
Fibropapilloma on teats, penis of young cows
135
What mediates regression of papillomavirus
T cell mediated
Antibodies help prevent recurrence, but do not clear active infection
136
Causative agent of equine aural plaques
Papillomavirus
Dyoita PV or Dyorho PV
(NOT the usual delta papillomavirus)
Benign, insect vector
137
Location of EcPV1 papillomas
Face, legs in young horses
138
Location of EcPV2 papillomas
Genital
Often progress to SCC
139
Equine sarcoid vector
Black fly vector
140
Equine sarcoid predisposed breeds
Quarter horse
Arabian
Appaloosa
141
Risk factor for equine sarcoid
Certain ELA haplotypes
142
Vesicular stomatitis vector
Insects: Black fly, Culicoides, Sandfly
143
Vesicular stomatitis clinical signs
Ulcers, vesicle --> lips, coronary band, teats
Equids >> bovine, camelid > Others
144
Risk factor for vesicular stomatitis
Close to H2O
(Insect vector)
145
T or F: Vesicular stomatitis is reportable
True. Can't be clinically distinguished from Foot and Mouth disease
Zoonotic!
