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EV ACVD Study > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

How many times per year do psittacines molt

A

Every 2 years or poorly defined

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2
Q

How many times per year do migratory birds molt

A

2x/year

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3
Q

How many times per year do most species of birds molt

A

1x/year

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4
Q

5 causes of abnormal molts in birds

A

1) Nutritional defects
2) Stress/fear
3) Reduction of light period
4) Ectoparasites
5) Hypothyroidism: retardation of feather growth

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5
Q

Which nutritional deficits can lead to abnormal molting in birds

A

Inadequate protein
Vitamin A (all seed diets)
Beta carotene
Riboflavin

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6
Q

Which type of diet commonly leads to deficits in vitamin A in birds

A

All seed diets

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7
Q

What occurs secondary to any change /diminishment in feather quality in birds

A

Plucking behavior to remove the inferior feathers

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8
Q

What are 2 risk factors for feather destructive behavior in African Greys

A

1) Increasing sleep hours
2) Length of ownership

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9
Q

What are 3 risk feators for feather destructive behaviros in cockatoos

A

1) Pet shop origin
2) Cage location against 1+ walls
3) 1+ owner vacations per year

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10
Q

Why do birds have linear featherless regions during molt

A

Naturally, there areas with no feathers between feather tracts

BUT only visible during molt

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11
Q

T or F: Birds are likely to feather pluck MORE if you have food readily available for them

A

TRUE!

Make it harder for them to get food to mimic foraging behavior

Put food in slightly challenging-to-open containiners

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12
Q

Medications for separation anxiety in birds

A

Clomipramine or fluoxetine

Combine with behavioral modification training

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13
Q

T or F: A dominant bird may pluck a subordinate

A

True

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14
Q

T or F: Hand reared birds may feather pluck due to sexual frustration

A

True. Can start as early as 6 months old

Cockatoos, lovebirds, African Greys

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15
Q

Only biting louse that affects birds

A

Mallophaga

Sign of poor husbandry

Easy to see on plumage

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16
Q

Causative agent of “scaly leg” in canaries and “scaly face” in budgerigars (beak malformations)

A

Knemidocoptes

Affect non-feathered areas (legs, beak)

Life cycle ENTIRELY ON BIRD

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17
Q

Chicken parasite that can attack mammals (like humans)

A

Darmanyssus

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18
Q

When do Dermanyssus feed on birds

A

Night

Free-living

Breed in the cage or environment during the day

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19
Q

How to diagnose Dermanyssus

A

White sheet over cage – see red mites on it in the AM

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20
Q

Feather mite species in Budgerigars (2)

A

1) Protolichus lunula on wing/tail feathers
2) Dubininia melopsittaci on smaller body feathers

Not usually an issue unless heavy infestation (husbandry problems)

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21
Q

Harpyrhynchid serini affects which species of bird

A

Canaries

Attach to feather base, can cause hyperkeratotic epidermal cysts

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22
Q

Which ectoparasitocide is TOXIC TO BIRDS

A

Imidacloprid (Advantage)

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23
Q

Which ectoparasitocide should NOT be given to finches

A

Ivermectin

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24
Q

What ARE appropriate ecroparasitocides in birds

A

Fipronyl (Frontline)
Selamectin (Revolution)
Isoxazoline

Do NOT soak bird with spray

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25
Q

Which ENDOparasite has been associated with pruritus in budgerigars, lovebirds, and cockatiels

A

Giardia

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26
Q

What is the best treatment for atopic dermatitis in large psyttachines

A

Unknown. AD likely exists, but no tested treatments

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27
Q

Biggest environmental factor that can lead to poor quality feathers –> plucking

A

Low humidity (central heat turned up)

Psittacines are rain forest birds

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28
Q

Environmental factors that can lead to pruritus or poor feather quality –> plucking

A

1) Tobacco smoke
2) Aerosols
3) Building dust
4) Low humidity
5) Lack of bathing opportunities
6) Abnormal photoperiods (not enough dark time)

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29
Q

A bird starts feather plucking after getting a new cage or toy. What is the most likely cause

A

Heavy metal toxicity

Lead, zinc, copper, iron

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30
Q

Cause of liver disease that can lead to pruritus in birds

A

Chlamydophila infection

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31
Q

2 Bacteria isolated from birds, which cause folliculitis/pulpitis

A

1) Staphylococcus aureus
2) Staphylococcus intermedius

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32
Q

Body site on birds with broad anti-microbial properties

A

Uropygial gland secretions

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33
Q

Which antimicrobial medication is toxic to Grey parrots

A

Itraconazole

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34
Q

Body regions affected by Candida, Dermatophytes, Malassezia

A

Candida: vent, head
Dermatophytes: patchy feather loss on head, neck, breast
Malassezia: unknown pruritus

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35
Q

Etiology of “feather dusters” and “straw feathers” in Budgerigars

A

Genetic abnormalities

Curly, overgrown feathers

Also called chrysanthymum feathering

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36
Q

T or F: Birds may pluck feathers over a site of skin cancer

A

True

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37
Q

DNA virus causing Psittacine Beak and Feather disease

A

Circovirus

Can persist in environment for 1 year

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38
Q

Which birds are most likely to contract Circovirus

A

Young birds
Old World Psittacines

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39
Q

Clinical signs of Circovirus in birds

A

Dystrophic feathers

In chronic form: lack of powder down, pulp cavity hemorrhage, feather fracture, hyperkeratosis, beak overgrowth, oral ulcerations + secondary infections

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40
Q

How to diagnose Circovirus in birds

A

PCR on blood or pulpy feathers

Severe leukopenia in peracute dz

Treatment = supportive care

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41
Q

Which bird species may have a less severe course of Circovirus

A

Lorikeets

Full recovery possible

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42
Q

Which DNA virus causes neonatal death in Budgerigars, but reduced down/contour feathers in those that survive (“French moulters”, “Creepers”)

A

Polyoma virus

LESS COMMON than Psittacine Beak and Feather disease (Circovirus) in non-Budgie birds

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43
Q

Birds that develop polyoma virus

A

Very young birds only
Budgerigars, psittacines, finches

Passerines - acute death

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44
Q

Diagnosis of polyoma virus

A

PCR

Psittacine PCR does NOT work in finches

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45
Q

Clinical signs of Poxvirus in birds

A

Cutaneous form: Nodules, papules, vesicles

Discolored, pruritic, secondary infected

Can also affect oral cavity, trachea –> speticemia

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46
Q

Bird species most likely to get cutaneous form of poxvirus

A

Songbirds, raptors

Feet, eyes, face

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47
Q

Common sequelae of poxvirus in Canaries and finches

A

Skin lesions AND severe pulmonary complications

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48
Q

T or F: The cutaneous form of Poxvirus is self limiting in Amazon parrots

A

True

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49
Q

T or F: The diptheric (oral+tracheal) form of poxvirus is fatal in Amazon parrots

A

True

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50
Q

Diagnosis of poxvirus in birds

A

Histopath or cytology

Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies = Bollinger bodies

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51
Q

Bollinger bodies are associated with what bird infectious disease

A

Poxvirus

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52
Q

Vector for poxvirus in birds

A

insect vectors

pest control = important

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53
Q

Which virus causes benign epithelial tumorsin birds

A

Papilloma virus

Cloaca, oral cavity, skin

Surgery vs possible spontaneous remission

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54
Q

What pigment is present in psittacines

A

Psittacofulvins

Similar to carotenoids that produce red, yellow, and orange in other bird species

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55
Q

How to perform a punch biopsy in birds

A

Tape the skin to prevent rolling of your sample

Biopsy THROUGH the tape

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56
Q

Which bird species is prone to high cholesterol, atherosclerosis

A

Psittacines

DO NOT FEED ALL SEED DIETs (high in fat, low in everything else)

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57
Q

Which plant is poisonous to birds

A

Avocados

Contain persin (cardiotoxin)

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58
Q

Which reptiles are predisposed to dermatologic lesions

A

Pythons, boa constrictors

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59
Q

Term for abnormal shedding of skin

A

Dysecdysis

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60
Q

Causes of dysecdysis (abnormal shedding of skin) (7)

A

1) Poor husbandry
2) Ectoparasitism (Ophionyssus natricis)
3) Systemic disease
4) Too cold temperature
5) Improper humidity
6) Poor nutrition
7) Owners pulling off their shed for them too early

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61
Q

What causes ischemia and necrosis of lizard digits, sometimes leading to amputation

A

Retained skin around the digits

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62
Q

Causative agent of “inclusion body disease” in pythons

A

Arenavirus

Causes dysecdysis

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63
Q

Which virus is associated with dysecdysis in pythons

A

Arenavirus

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64
Q

Clinical signs of Ophinoyssus natricis

A

Pruritus
Dysecdysis
Snakes staying in water

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65
Q

Location on body Ophinoyssus natricis are found (snake, lizard)

A

Snakes: head, cloaca

Lizard: Axilla, groin, ear drum

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66
Q

Ophinoyssus natricis may be a vector for ______

A

Aeromonas

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67
Q

Treatment for Ophinoyssus natricis

A
  • Ivermectin oral, spray on animal or environmenta
    (DO NOT USE IVERMECTIN IN CHELONIANS)
  • Moxidectin
  • Spray towel with fipronil and wipe snake
  • Nexgard

Avoid pyrethroids, organophosphates

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68
Q

Which parasiticide should NOT be used in chelonians

A

Ivermectin

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69
Q

Which mite (related to Ophinoyssus natricis) can be found on lizards

A

Ophionyssus lacertinus

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70
Q

T or F: Ophinoyssus natricis can be transmitted to humans

A

True

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71
Q

Causative agent of yellow fungus disease

A

Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriessi (CANV)

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72
Q

Reptile that gets Chrysosporium guarroi infections (Related to CANV)

A

Green iguanas

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73
Q

Species that get CANV infections

A

Bearded dragons, Chameleons

But any lizard can

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74
Q

Diagnostic tests for CANV (yellow fungus disease)

A

Culture AND histopathology ideal

+/- DNA sequencing

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75
Q

Treatments for CANV (yellow fungus disease)

A

Posaconazole, voriconazole are best

Itraconazole may work occasionally

Possibly terbinafine, esp if combined with an azole

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76
Q

T or F: CANV (yellow fungus disease) can affect humans

A

True

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77
Q

How long do reptiles need to be on antibiotics for?

A

Often many months (abscesses)

Slow immune systems

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78
Q

Best treatment for bacterial abscesses in reptiles

A

REMOVAL
(not just lance/drain; they are thick/granulomatous rather than liquid)

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79
Q

Which opportunistic pathogenic bacteria are common in GI tract of reptiles

A

Pseudomonas
Aeromonas
Salmonella

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80
Q

Sign of sepsis in chelonians

A

Petichiae

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81
Q

Sign of sepsis in snakes

A

Ventral “flush”

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82
Q

Which species of reptile has reported Dermatophilus congolensis

A

Bearded dragons

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83
Q

Causative agent of Devrieseasis in lizards

A

Devriesea agamarum

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84
Q

Gram stain of Devriesea agamarum

A

Gram positive

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85
Q

Clinical signs of Devriesea agamarum in reptiles

A

Chronic proliferative dermatitis and septicemia

SQ abscesses

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86
Q

Treatment for Devriesea agamarum

A
  • Adequate basking temperature
  • Systemic antibiotic (Ceftiofur)
  • Keeping environment dry
  • Clean crusts/debris on lesions
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87
Q

Which antibiotic is Devriesea agamarum RESISTANT to

A

Fluoroquinolones

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88
Q

T or F: Devriesea agamarum can survive for long periods in moist, cool environments

A

True

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89
Q

T or F: Heat lamps are an excellent means to provide adequate heat to lizards

A

FALSE

They cause burns. Reptiles do not realize they are too hot

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90
Q

Treatment of burns in reptiles

A

Container with no substrate
Topical antibiotic (SSD cream)
Topical vitamin A ointment

Bathe only 3-4x/week

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91
Q

3 common cuases of shell problems in chelonians

A

1) Too high humidity
2) Bacterial or viral infections
3) Poor nutrition (low calcium)

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92
Q

Which organism causes ulcerative shell disease in chelonians

A

Beneckea chitinovora

93
Q

Which organism causes Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease (SCUD) in chelonians

A

Citrobacter freundii

94
Q

Which keratinophilic fungal agent is associated with ulcerative skin and shell disease

AND

Keratin inclusion cysts

A

Emydomyces testavorans

95
Q

Which species of chelonian develop discoloration, flaking, erosion/ulcers, and osteonecrosis of their shells secondary to Emydomyces testavorans

A

Pacific pond turtle
Savannah side-necked turtle

96
Q

Which species develops rhinitis, paronychia, nail loss, ulcers, excessive shedding, and death secondary to Emydomyces testavorans

A

Juvenile alligator snapping turtles

97
Q

Most common cause of blister disease in snakes and lizards

A

Inappropriate humidity (too high or too low depending on species)

98
Q

Common causes of blister disease in snakes and lizards

A

Wrong humidity, bacteria/fungal pathogens, concurrent disease

99
Q

Clinical signs of blister disease in snakes/ lizards

A

Vesicles, pustules –> ulcers, necrosis

on ventrum

100
Q

Treatment of blister disease in snakes/lizards

A
  • Lance blister
  • Apply antibiotic ointment, chlorhexidine to ventrum
  • put reptile in a separate terrarium without contaminated substrate
101
Q

Nutritional skin disease causing palpebral edema, aural abscesses in young chelonians

A

Vitamin A deficiency

102
Q

Nutritional disease causing stomatitis in chelonians and snakes

A

Vitamin C deficiency

103
Q

Nutritional disease resulting in goiters in chelonians, lizards

A

Iodine deficiency (ingestion of 2’ certain plants)

104
Q

Cause of steatitis in snakes

A

Too high fat diet (fish, obese rats)

Unsaturated fatty acid oxidation –> 2’
vitamin E deficiency

105
Q

Clinical sign of steatitis in snakes

A

Yellow color to skin

Nodules, inflammation, 2’ infections, sloughing skin

106
Q

Clinical signs of hypervitaminosis A in reptiles

A

Sloughing of skin

OR
dry, exudative, thickened skin

107
Q

T or F: all snakes are carnivores

A

True

108
Q

Which species of reptile most commonly develops otitis media

A

Chelonians

Rare in lizards

109
Q

Clinical signs of otitis in chelonians

A

Nodular abscesses on lateral head

110
Q

Most common bacteria causing otitis media in chelonians

A

Proteus morganii

111
Q

Treatment of otitis media in chelonians

A

Surgical: lance + remove pus
Pack with antibiotic cream
System antibiotics

112
Q

What is a risk factor for aural abscesses in chelonians

A

Hypovitaminosis A

113
Q

Antibiotics ok to use in reptiles

A

Enrofloxacin (PO or IM)
Ceftazidime (IM)
Pipercillin (IM)

(Treat for 1-9 weeks, slow immune systems)

114
Q

Causative agent of Chytridiomycosis
in fresh water amphibians

A

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Fungi

115
Q

What are remiges

A

Flight feathers of wings

116
Q

What are retrices

A

Flight feathers of tail

117
Q

What are rhamphotheca

A

Keratinized epithelial on outer surface of beak, overing upper/lower jaw

118
Q

What is rhinotheca

A

Upper beak of jaw

119
Q

Which is gnathotheca

A

Lower beak of jaw

120
Q

Which Ig do birds have with atopic dermatitis

A

IgY (similar to IgE, but don’t have IgE)

121
Q

Beak and claw overgrowth in birds is associated with ______ (organ dysfunction)

A

Hepatopathies

Brittle, hard keratin

r/o toxin exposure

122
Q

Which bird species has a high mortality with poxvirus

A

Canaries

123
Q

Clinical sign of a male budgie with a sertoli cell tumor

A

Cere turns grey, brown

Will raise leg on affected side

124
Q

Which bacteria can be associated with pododermatitis in raptors, waterfowl

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Obesity, lack of exercise, hypovitaminosis A

125
Q

3 major causes of pruritus in rabbits/rodents

A

1) Parasites
2) Environment (contact dermatitis w/bedding)
3) Neoplasia

126
Q

Parasite that causes pruritus (esp ears!) in rabbits

A

Psoroptes cuniculi

127
Q

Parasite that causes pruritus in guinea pigs

A

Trixacarus caviae

128
Q

Parasite that causes pruritus in rats, hamsters

A

Notoedres muris

Can form nasal “horns” with the mites inside

129
Q

Lice in rats, mice

A

Polyplax spinulosa (rats)
Polyplax serrata (mice)

130
Q

What is the vector for Mycoplasma (Hemobartonella) muris, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Eperythrozoon coccides

A

Lice!

Polyplax serrata (mice)
Polyplax spinulosa (rats)

131
Q

Treatment for mites and lice in guinea pigs

A

Ivermectin SQ ONLY!!!

PO has poor GI absorption in guinea pigs

132
Q

Treatment for mites and lice in rabbits

A

Selamectin

NOT fipronil!

133
Q

Causes of alopecia without pruritus in small mammals (4)

A

1) Dermatophytes
2) Barbering/ shedding
3) Demodicosis
4) Endocrine

134
Q

Treatment for dermatophytes in small mammals

A

Lime sulfur dip 2x/week for 1 month

Enilconazole weekly x3w

May be toxic if ingested

135
Q

Which species is especially sensitive to neuro-ototoxicity from aminoglycosides

A

Chinchilla

136
Q

Chinchilla

A

Normal shed

137
Q

Long demodex in hamsters

A

Demodex aurati

Follicular

138
Q

Short demodex in hamsters

A

Demodex criceti

Stratum corneum

139
Q

Which species develops hyperadrenocorticism most commonly

A

Hamsters

140
Q

Which species develops cystic ovaries most commonly

A

Guinea pigs

Hyperestrogenism –> alopecia
Enlarged abdomen

Tx = ovariohysterectomy (less ideal = hCG, GnRH)

141
Q

How to diagnose HAC in hamsters

A

Ultrasound

142
Q

Scaling of pinnae in guinea pigs

A

Hypovitaminosis

143
Q

Cause of crusting and scaling in small mammals (parasite)

A

Cheyletiella

144
Q

Cause of crusting/scaling in rabbits

A

Venerial spirochetosis (Treponema paraluiscuniculi)

145
Q

Rabbit fur mite (causes scale)

A

Listrophorus gibbus

146
Q

Clinical signs of Treponema paraluiscuniculi

A

Crusts, erythema, edema, vesicles, ulcers, proliferative lesions

Face and perineum

Painful, not pruritic

(Metritis, abortion, neonatal death)

147
Q

T or F: Rabbit syphilis is zoonotic

A

FALSE. Treponema paraluiscuniculi is NOT zoonotic

148
Q

Histopath stain for Treponema paraluiscuniculi

A

Silver stain

149
Q

How to diagnose Treponema paraluiscuniculi

A

Biopsy + visualize organisms (Silver stain)

Serology (human lab ok!!)

150
Q

Treatment of Treponema paraluiscuniculi

A

1) Penicillin G SC SIW x3w

MONITOR FOR ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED ENTEROTOXAEMIA

Treat all exposed rabbits

2) Chloramphenicol q12h PO x4w
3) Azithromycin q24h x15d

151
Q

3 differentials for scaling/crusting in small mammals

A

1) Sebaceous adenitis
2) Cutaneous lymphoma
3) Thymoma

152
Q

Which species develops cutaneous lymphoma most commonly

A

Hamsters

153
Q

Scaly rabbit

A

Sebaceous adenitis

154
Q

Treatment of sebaceous adenitis in rabbits

A

Retinoids (?)
Cyclosporine A and medium chain triglycerides q24h

155
Q

Severe alopecia in a hamster

A

Cutaneous lymphoma

156
Q

Common causes of chelitis in guinea pigs

A

1) Rough forage, acidic fruit
2) Hypovitaminosis C
3) Poxvirus

157
Q

3 causes of infectious nodules in small mammals

A

1) Pododermatitis
2) Myxomatosis
3) Abscesses

158
Q

Most common neoplastic nodule in small mammals (guinea pigs esp)

A

Trichofolliculoma

Predominantly in males at dorsolumbar region; incorporate coccygeal land

159
Q

Risk factors for pododermatitis in rabbits, guinea pigs

A

Infection
Wire bottom cages
Obesity
Females (rabbits)
Neutered/Spayed (rabbits)
>12 months old
Hypovitaminosis C (Guinea pigs)

Rex rabbits (no protective guard hairs)

160
Q

What type of virus is myxomatosis

A

Myxoma pox virus

161
Q

Vector for myxomatosis

A

Arthropod transmission

8-21d incubation

162
Q

Morbidity and mortality for myxomatosis in pet rabbits

A

Approaching 100%

163
Q

Clinical signs of myxomatosis in rabbits

A
  • Edema of head, ears, eyelids, genitalia
  • Milky oculonasal discharge
  • Myxomas: firm, nonpruritic, erythematous nodules
  • Lethargy, fever
164
Q

Organism associated with abscesses in rabbits

A

Pasteurella multocida

165
Q

Why are rabbit abscesses more inspisated than dogs/cats

A

Rabbit heterophils are myeloperoxidase- deficient

166
Q

Best treatment for rabbit abscesses

A

Surgical removal

(P multocida abscess usually in a capsule)

167
Q

Causative agent

A

Sylvilagus folridanus (Eastern cottontail) papillomavirus

168
Q

Colony mouse

Small crusts on sparsely haired areas

A

Mouse pox

Infectious ectromelia, orthopoxvirus

From infected serum

169
Q

When do ferrets molt

A

Fall, spring

Female: w/1st ovulation
Male: early speratogenesis

Coat color change

170
Q

Treatment for ferret Otodectes cyanotis

A

Selamectin (revolution) twice (q2w)

Ivermectin into each ear twice (q2w)

171
Q

Treatment for sarcoptes scabei in ferrets

A

Selamectin (Revolution)

172
Q

Treatment for fleas in ferrets

A

Advantage Multi for cats (imidacloprid + Moxidectin)

ONLY FDA-approved tx for fleas, HW in ferrets

173
Q

Clinical sign of canine distemper in ferrets

A
  • Erythema, papules on chin, ventrum, generalized
  • Hyperkeratosis (foot pads, nasal planum, pinnae)
  • Respiratory signs
174
Q

T or F: MCT are usually benign in ferrets

A

True

Rx with benadryl before sx

175
Q

Treatment for cutaneous lymphoma in ferrets (expensive!)

A

Bexarotene

176
Q

Is adrenocortical hyperplasia in ferrets usually unilateral or bilateral

A

Bilateral (70%)

177
Q

If adrenocortical hyperplasia is unilateral in a ferret, is it usually L or R gland

A

L gland

178
Q

T or F: The contralateral adrenal gland is atrophied in ferrets with adrenocortical hyperplasia

A

FALSE. Usually no atrophy of contralateral gland

179
Q

T or F: Bilateral adrenalectomy is a great treatment option for ferrets with adrenocortical hyperplasia or neoplasia

A

FALSE. Recurrence with adrenolectomy

180
Q

T or F: Pituitary neoplasia has not been found in ferret’s with HAC

A

TRUE. Usually either adrenocortical hyperplasia or adenoma/adenocarcinoma

181
Q

T or F: Metastasis of adenocarcinomas in ferrets is common

A

FALSE. Metastasis is uncommon (15%)

Local invasion from L gland to L kidney most common

Invasion from R gland to liver, vena cava occur – metastasis from VC

182
Q

Which adrenal gland is more likely to have metastasis of its adenocarcinoma in ferrets

A

R adrenal gland

Invasion to vena cava, then hematogenous metastasis

183
Q

What aspect of ferret signalment correlates with age of onset of Ferret Cushings

A

The younger the age at neutering, the younger the age of onset

184
Q

Which hormones ARE elevated in Ferret Cushings?

A
  • Androgens (andostenedione, 17-alphahydroxyprogesterone, DHEAS)
  • Estradiol

Cortisol NOT elevated

185
Q

Why are androgens and estradiol elevated in ferrets with HAC?

A

After neutering, no negative feedback on GnRH

Likely ACTH, alpha-MSH independent!

186
Q

Which receptor is present on ferret adrenal tissue in both health and HAC animals

A

LH receptors

Activation of pre-existing LH receptor proteins with HAC!

*Confirmed with GnRH stimulation test

GnRH tells pituitary to release LH –> binds to LH receptors on adrenal glands –> Adrenal glands make estradiol, androgens

187
Q

What hormone stimulates molt and weight gain in minks

A

Melatonin (from pineal gland)

188
Q

How may melatonin be related to ferret HAC?

A

Melatonin levels decrease during shift from short to long days

This triggers estrus in ferrets

Melatonin may inhibit GnRH secretion –> decreases LH, FSH –> decreased sex steroids

Pet ferrets may get HAC because indoors, long artificial day-length = decreased melatonin!

189
Q

What induces estrus in ferrets

A

Longer photoperiod

190
Q

Most common clinical sign of adrenocortical disease in ferrets

A

Progressive alopecia (>90%!) on tailbase, flanks

Symmetrical
Seasonal (shed coat in spring)

191
Q

T or F: adernocortical disease results in pruritus in 33% of ferrets

A

True. 33% are pruritic at their dorsal interscapular region.

Skin erythematous

Hypersensitivity to hormones (LH, estrogen, some androgens)?

192
Q

Spayed female ferret; mucoid discharge

A

Check for adrenal disease

> 70% of female with adrenal disease have enlarged vulva

193
Q

Life-threatening sequela of ferret adrenocortical disease

A

Cystic urogenital anomalies –> URINARY BLOCKAGE

Prostatic most common (but also in females)
Stranguria, dysuria

194
Q

Disease to evaluate for in a male ferret with male sexual aggression

A

Adrenocortical carcinoma

Also may have mammary gland hyperplasia

195
Q

T or F: Splenomegaly in a ferret is consistent with HAC

A

FALSE. SPLENOMEGALY IS PRESENT ALL older ferrets, EVEN IF HEALTHY.

So unsure if splenomegaly is related to HAC (but it IS a common finding)

196
Q

Hypoglycemia on labwork for a ferret may be related to

A

Beta cell tumor secreting insulin

197
Q

T or F: ACTH stimulation testing and LDDST are helpful in diagnosing adrenocortical dz in ferrets

A

FALSE. Ferrets have NORMAL cortisol; this is a sex hormone issue

Use the sex hormone panel from U of TN (validated ferret levels)

198
Q

T or F: Ferrets require steroids and DOCP after bilateral adrenolectomy

A

False. Usually unnecessary

199
Q

Concurrent diseases common in ferrets (that may come up during your HAC work up)

A

Pancreatic nodules
Lymphoma

200
Q

Medical treatment of adrenocortical disease in ferrets

A

Deslorelin acetate (Suprelorelin) implant

GnRH analog: downregulates GnRH receptors in pituitary gland –> inhibits LH, FSH production

AFTER an initial stimulation (esp in males)

201
Q

Impact of melatonin on adrenocortical dz in ferrets

A

Stimulates hair growth ONLY

No effect on hormone pathology (esp prostatic BPH)

202
Q

What treatment offers the best prognosis in ferrets with adrenocortical disease

A

Combination of adrenolectomy + Deslorelin acetate

203
Q

Which medications should NOT be used for ferrets with adrenocortical disease

A

1) Mitotane: severe AEs in ferrets
2) Ketoconazole: Not effective in ferrets. + hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia reported

Seligiline also not effective in ferrets

204
Q

Unusual sequelae in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism or post-adrenolectomy

A

Figurate erythema

Tx: Essential fatty acids

205
Q

Raccoon

A

Canine distemper

206
Q

Cheetah

A

Herpes

207
Q

Harbor seal

A

DLE

208
Q

Llama

A

Zinc responsive dermatosis

209
Q

Fallow deer

A

Normal velvet shed

210
Q

Hedgehog

A

Trichophyton erinacei

211
Q

Golden eagle

A

Knemidokoptes

212
Q

Bearded dragon

A

Rana virus + Dermatophilosis

213
Q

Why can guinea pigs not synthesize their own vitamin C

A

Guinea pigs lack L-glunolactone oxidase enzyme

214
Q

Which parasites does imidacloprid (Advantage) work for?

A

Lice but NOT mites

215
Q

Rabbit flea name, vector for ____

A

Spilopsyllus cuniculi

Common in pregnant or young rabbits (hormonal control)

Vector for myxomatosis

216
Q

Vector for Myxomatosis

A

Spilopsyllus cuniculi

217
Q

What exotics species has a reported Pelodera strongyloides infection

A

2 Guinea Pigs

Severe erythematous dermatitis

218
Q

Etiology of barbering in guinea pigs

A

Not enough fiber in diet, stress, or overcrowding

219
Q

Chinchilla. Diagnosis?

A

Fur slip d/t stress

Regrows in 3-5 months

220
Q

T or F: Alopecia areata has been reported in a guinea pig

A

True

221
Q

Which type of cell is present in cutaneous lymphoma in rabbits

A

T cell-rich B CELL lymphoma

(T cell in ferrets)

222
Q

In hamsters with MULTIPLE trichofolliculomas, which virus has been associated?

A

Polyoma virus

223
Q

Most common SC nodule in companion rats = _____

A

Mammary gland fibroadenoma

224
Q

What type of carcincoma caused OE in a pet rat

A

Zymbal gland (auditory sebaceous gland) carcinoma

225
Q

Most common secondary infectious agent in rabbit pododermatitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Consider enrofloxacin SC q24h as empiric tx, but C&S ideal

Pain meds = meloxicam, tramadol

226
Q

Most common secondary infectious agents in guinea pig pododermatitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Corynebacterium pyogenes

227
Q

What disease can make guinea pigs SO itchy, it looks like they’re having seizures?

A

Trixacarus caviae

228
Q

Which neoplasm is most common in ferrets

A

MCT

usually benign

229
Q

T or F: Ferrets commonly develop vaccine-associated sarcomas (like cats)

A

FALSE

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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