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EV ACVD Study > General Bacteria fun facts (virulence factors, unique characteristics) > Flashcards

General Bacteria fun facts (virulence factors, unique characteristics) Flashcards

1
Q

Which virulence factors allow for adhesion to fibronectin and vitronectin

A

*Protein A
*Techoic acid

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2
Q

3 mechanisms of bacterial gene transfer

A

1) Transduction
-Bacteriophage
2) Conjugation
-Sex pili to share plasmid
3) Transformation
-Uptake of DNA from lysed bacteria

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3
Q

What is a biofilm? How do bacteria survive in it?

A

Aggregate of bacteria with a polymer matrix

Has water channels within to disseminate O2 and nutrients?

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4
Q

What makes the cell wall of mycobacteria special

A

NO cell wall!

They have a plasma membrane

Do not pick up gram stain, variable

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5
Q

What is the benefit of a peptidoglycan layer for Gram + bacteria

A

Resist heat and dessication

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6
Q

List superantigens

A

Staph enerotoxins A, B, C, D (SE-B)

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)

Protein A (avoids complement binding by FcR; upregulates KC adhesion mc)

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7
Q

Staphyloferrins function

A

Lyse RBC
Use the iron for growth

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8
Q

CHIPS protein function

A

Evade C5a

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9
Q

SCIN function

A

Staph complement inhibitor protein

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10
Q

Virulence factors of Streptococcus

A

*M protein (inhibits phagocytosis)
*Streptolysin O

S equi: ELISA for M protein for Strangles/Purpua hemorrhagic diagnosis

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11
Q

Virulence factors of Pseudomonas

A

*Biofilm
-Increases MIC
-In 40% of OE isolates
-Quorum sensing, slime, plasmid exchange

*Pyocyanin
-Pigment, proinflammatory

*Elastase
-Cleaves collagen

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12
Q

Virulence factors of Nocardia

A

*Thick peptidoglycan layer (heat, dessication resistance)
*Superoxide dismutase
*Catalase

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13
Q

Virulence mechanism of Mycobacteria

A

*Intracellular: Block fusion of lysosome in macrophage

Prevents MHC2 expression

*No cell wall, so resistant to B-lactams
*Can act as a SUPER ANTIGEN- strong T cell response
*Can vary surface antigens to avoid immune identification

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14
Q

Function of coagulase

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin (clot scaffold)
-Tissue invasion
-Microabscesses
-Protection from granulocytes

Indicator of pathogenicity

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15
Q

BlaZ gene

A

In Staphylococcus

Encodes for beta lactamase

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16
Q

Which Streptococcus are more pathogenic: alpha or beta hemolytic

A

Beta: lysis RBCs

Alpha are commensals on MM and skin

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17
Q

Bacteria that can cause:
-Necrotizing Fasciitis and Myositis
-Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

Streptococcus canis!

-M Protein: antiphagocytic, destroys C3 convertase

-Proteases: help spread through fascial planes and into muscle

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18
Q

Which Mycobacteria causes conjunctivitis in cats

A

*Mycoplasma felis

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19
Q

T or F: detection of Mycoplasma in lungs of dogs is diagnostic for infection

A

False. Mycoplasma is a commensal in respiratory tract of dogs

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20
Q

What do Mycoplasma colonies look like on culture plate

A

Fried eggs!

Central zone of growth

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21
Q

Treatments for mycoplasma

A

BACTERIOSTATIC – long duration of tx

Macrolides, clindamycin, FQs, tetracyclines, chpc, aminoglycosides

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22
Q

Streptococcus that causes mastitis in cows

A

S. agalactiae

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23
Q

What do superantigens bind to induce a massive inflammatory response

A

MHC cl II and TCR

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24
Q

Which antibiotic can TRIGGER Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

Fluoroquinolones.

Can trigger more expression of superantigen TSST-1 by S. canis!

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25
Best treatment for Toxic Shock Syndrome
Clindamycin -Inhibits M protein synthesis -Suppresses LPS-induced TNF production
26
Age, Inciting incident for Toxic Shock Syndrome
<1 year old Bite wound, URI
27
Best antibiotic for Enterococcus Worst antibiotic for Enterococcus
Best = ampicillin, penicillin Worst = TMS (even if S in vitro. can bypass folic acid synthesis blockade) Luckily, rarely pathogenic
28
Doppleganger for Enterococcus
Streptococcus Both cocci, grow in chains. Enterococcus less pathogenic than Strep. Some sp of strep have been reclassified as Enterococcus
29
Where does Rhodococcus equi invade?
Lymphatics, macrophages Facultative intracellular bacteria
30
Virulence factor that allows Rhodococcus equi to persist inside macrophages
VapA
31
Clinical signs in CATS with Rhodococcus equi infections
Abscesses! Check FIV/FeLV (Horses = pyogranulomatous pneumonia. Cows/Pigs = pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis)
32
Treatment Rhodococcus equi
Erythromycin/ Clarithromycin + rifampin --> lipophilic drugs to penetrate cell wall Surgical excision + drainage
33
What's special about Listeria monocytogenase
Facultative intracellular gram + rod in MACROPHAGES Escapes humoral immune response
34
What type of immune response is important for clearing Listeria monocytogenes
Cell mediated It's hiding in macrophages, where Ig can't find it
35
What virulence factor allows Listeria monocytogenes to be phagocytosed by macrophages
Internalin =induces phagocytosis by KCs, then pushes pseudopod projections out to be ingested by macrophage
36
What enables Listeria monocytogenes to escape host cell killing
Listeriolysin O
37
Where in the body can Listeria monocytogenes be found
GI, CNS, placenta Form intestinal inflammation, fever, v+, abscesses --> die from septicemia
38
How do animals get Listeria monocytogenes
Ingestion of contamination food
39
Causative agent of Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis Large, gram +, aerobic, spore-forming
40
What induces Bacillus anthracis to produce spores
Exposure to atmospheric O2 (Spores are NOT produced in intact carcasses!)
41
Bacillus anthracis on cytology
String of box cars
42
Virulence factor for Bacillus anthracis
Thick capsule to avoid phagocytosis (plasmid pX02)
43
Stains to ID Bacillus anthracis
Methylene blue, Giemsa stain Pick up polypeptide capsule around organism
44
Clinical sign of Bacillus anthracis
Swelling of the head and neck GI, inhalation, cutaneous forms *Acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis *Black eschar if cutaneous exposure (cut) *Pulmonary nodules
45
How do animals develop Bacillus anthracis
Eat grass contaminated with spores; Eat infected meat --> GI signs
46
What is unique about Bacillus anthracis carcuses
No rigor mortis, blood oozing from orifices is non-clotting. DO NOT NECROPSY
47
Most common bacteria in cat bite wound abscesses?
Pasteurella multocida
48
Why do cats readily develop abscesses
More elastic skin-- seals over contaminated puncture wound sites
49
Other names for Botryomycosis
-Bacteria pseudomycetoma -Cutaneous bacterial granuloma
50
Clinical lesions of botryomycosis
Nodules with draining tracts (Distal extremities, cervical region, ventral abdomen in cats) Yellow-white tissue grains (like Actinomyces, Nocardia!) = bacteria + immunoglobulin + fibrin
51
Most common causative agent for botryomycosis
S. pseudintermedius
52
What stain will highlight the Splendore-Hoeppli reaction (antigen-antibody complexes, complement, major basic protein from eos)
PAS stain
53
Treatment for botryomycosis
Surgical removal + drainage >4 months systemic antibiotic tx
54
How do dogs become infected by Brucella canis
Penetrating mucous membranes (oral, vagina, conjunctiva) Infectious material = placenta, semen, urine, feces, nasal/ocular secretions
55
Clinical signs of Brucella canis
*Testicular enlargement, scrotal dermatitis *Pyogranulomatous dermatitis *Dry, lustrous hair coat
56
What should you be aware of when interacting with dogs with Brucella canis
Zoonotic, reportable!
57
Causative agent of Glanders in horses
Burkholderia mallei ZOONOTIC, REPORTABLE
58
Clinical lesions of Burkholderia mallei
"Farcy" Ulcerating SQ nodules along lymphatics on distal limbs Respiratory signs
59
Causative agent of Plague
Yersinia pestis ZOONOTIC, REPORTABLE
60
Lifecycle of Yersinia pestis
Flea-rodent-flea C. felis is a poor vector; usually in rodents!
61
Season of Yersinia pestis infection
March-October, when high flea burden
62
Clinical signs of Yersinia pestis
*Bubonic *Pneumonic *Septicemic -Lymph nodes will abscess and drain -Necrotic stomatitis -Facial ulceration
63
Tularemia causative agent
Francisella tularensis ZOONOTIC, REPORTABLE
64
How is Francisella tularensis spread
Tick bite -Wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) -American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) -Pacific Coast tick (Dermacentor occidentalis) -Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
65
Where does Tularemia affect in the body? Clinical lesions
Intracellular macrophages SQ draining abscesses, icterus, panleukopenia RABBITS, CATS >>>dogs
66
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: affected signalment
Actinomyces: young adult hunting dogs w/ grass awns; cats = pyothorax >>> bite abscesses. NOT immunosuppressed Norcardia: IMMUNOCOMPROMISED; fight wounds in cats
67
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: O2
Actinomyces: Facultative, obligate anaerobe Nocardia: Aerobe
68
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: ease of culture
Actinomyces: Not easily cultured Nocardia: usually cultured
69
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: Coinfections?
Actinomyces: usually! Strep, mycobacterium Nocardia: usually a sole isolate
70
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: acid fast (Fite-Faraco, Ziehl-Neelson)
Actinomyces: NON-acid fast Nocardia: PARTIALLY acid fast
71
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: beading
Actinomyces: slight beading Nocardia: marked beading
72
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: cytology
Actinomyces: Mixed bacteria. Filamentous. Dense mats of bacteria Nocardia: Long, branching bacteria in single or loose aggregates. Few mats
73
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: mortality
Actinomyces: low Nocardia: moderate-high
74
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: treatment
Actinomyces: penicillin Nocardia: TMS
75
Actinomyces vs Nocardia: gram, branching, beading
Both are gram +, filamentous, w/beads....
76
What comprises a Splendore Hoeppli reaction
Antigen-antibody complexes, complement, major basic protein from eos
77
T or F: Actinomyces is a commensal
True
78
Species of Nocardia most common in dogs in the Western USA
Nocardia nova
79
If you have a pet with Nocardia, what should you look out for
Underlying immunosuppression Cyclosporine, neoplasia Not all cats are immunosuppressed
80
Predisposed sex for Nocardia in cats
Male (bite wounds) Retroviral status, steroid therapy
81
What virulence factor do anaerobic bacteria NOT have, making them unable to break down ROS
Superoxide dismutase Catalase
82
What is different about GSD to cause GSD pyoderma
Increased CD8+ Decreased CD4+, CD21+ lymphocytes Exaggerated response to Staph; inappropriate release of Cytokines
83
Treatment of Post Grooming Furunculosis
Fluoroquinolones Usually due to Pseudomonas sp
84
T or F: Mycobacteria are + acid fast staining
True High mycolic acid lipid content in cell wall holds the acid!
85
Mycobacteria virulence factors to cause host granulomatous response (aka Tubercles)
Cord factor waxD
86
Gold standard for diagnosis of Slow Growing Mycobacteria
Culture
87
Species most susceptible to Mycobacteria avium complex
Poultry, swine >> dogs, cats Transmitted from feces of birds, consumption of infected birds
88
Causative agents of "Feline Leprosy"
Mycobacterium lepraemurium (related to M avium)
89
Clinical lesions of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cats
SC and cutaneous nodules Limbs/scrotum of young, male cats!! painless, firm
90
Most reliable way to diagnose Mycobacterium lepraemurium
PCR Fastidious to grow on culture
91
Treatment for Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Surgical excision + clofazimine, clarithromycin, rifampin
92
Cause of canine leproid granuloma
Novel mycobacterial organism Likely related to M simiae
93
Breeds predisposed to Canine Leproid Granuloma
Short coated breeds (Boxers >50% of cases)
94
Transmission of Canine Leproid Granuloma
Fly bites Pinnae, head > paws
95
Cytology of Canine Leproid Granuloma
Negative staining bacilli in histiocytes
96
Treatment of Canine Leproid Granuloma
Spontaneous resolution in 1-2 months common If persistent: Surgery Rifampin, Clarithromycin, Doxycycline, Clofamizine x4-8w
97
Most common clinical sign for Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Panniculitis
98
Most common species causing Mycobacterial panniculitis in the USA
Mycobacteria fortuitum
99
Body site most commonly affected by Mycobacteria fortuitum
Inguinal fat pad Triglycerides help organism survive
100
Clinical lesions Mycobacteria fortuitum
Cats: circumscribed plaques/nodules --> draining tracts w/lymphatic fluid (2' bite/penetrating wounds!) Dogs: nonhealing wound
101
Labwork finding from chronic granulomatous disease
Hypercalcemia
102
What is different about Rapidly Growing Mycobacterium (like M fortuitum) than Slow Growing forms (leprosy)
Rapidly Growing is gram positive (slow is non-gram staining) Rapidly Growing is not as acid-fast as slow growing
103
Gold standard culture for Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Broth microdilution
104
From within macrophages, what cell does Mycobacteria activate
NK cells (directly or via IL-12) NK cells then produce IFN gamma to activate more macrophages
105
Which media should be used to grow Mycobacteria
Egg enrichment media (Lowenstein-Jensen) Agar-based media (Middlebrook)
106
T or F: Mycobacterium lepraemurium (feline leprosy) is zoonotic
False
107
Medium for Mycobacterium lepraemurium culture
Ogawas egg yolk medium
108
Clinical sign of Rickettsia Rickettsii (RMSF)
Fever, epistaxis, infarct, sloughing/necrosis of scrotum Fibrinous and necrotizing vasculitis
109
Vector for Baronella hensalae (cat scratch fever); if not spread by a cat bite/scratch
Fleas! C felis Lesions: *Dog ear tip vasculitis *Panniculitis and nodular skin diseases
110
Causes of Burkholderia cepacia complex
NOT commensal; infection in immunocompromised animals From CsA/Keto, Westies Draining tracts/ulcers Tx: TMS, Marbo
111
Cause of melioidosis
Burkholderia pseudomallei Reportable Possible zoonosis Nodular disease in dogs/cats
112
L-form bacteria
Partially cell wall deficient Penetrating wounds
113
Strain of MRSA important in horses
USA500
114

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