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EV ACVD Study > Claw/Hoof > Flashcards

Claw/Hoof Flashcards

1
Q

Breeds predisposed to subungual SCC

A

Giant Schnauzer
Gordon Setter
Briard
Kerry Blue Terrier
Rottweiler
Poodle

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2
Q

Amount nails grow per week

A

0.7-2mm

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3
Q

Damage to ___ part of nail would result in permanent onychodystrophy

It is responsible for making most of the stratum externum and stratum medium

A

Principle Germinative Region

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4
Q

Where are rete ridges present/prominent in dogs?

A

Foot pad
Nasal Planum
Scrotum

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5
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum present?

A

Foot pads

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6
Q

What comprises the stratum lucidum?

A

Eleidin (hyaline-like refractile keratin layer)

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7
Q

Which side of the nail grows faster?

A

Dorsal, allows for curve of nail

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8
Q

Most common tumors in cat claws

A

1) SCC
2) Fibrosarcoma
3) Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Most common tumors in dog claws

A

1) SCC
2) Melanoma
3) Osteosarcoma
4) STS
5) MCT

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10
Q

Breed with special version of symmetric onychodystrophy

A

Norwegian, English, Gordon Setters

Flare in summer (more activity and trauma?)

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11
Q

Function of stratum externum on hoof

A

Moisture balance
Thin layer on outside, mostly worn off

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12
Q

Function of stratum medium on hoof

A

Shock dispersion
Bulk of wall
Pigmented

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13
Q

Function of stratum internum on hoof

A

Contain laminae in refolded pattern to interdigitate with laminae of corium

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14
Q

Which layer of the hoof fails with laminitis?

A

Stratum internum (interdigitating with lamella of corium)

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15
Q

What is a bad prognostic factor for laminitis on radiographs?

A

More distal displacement of P3

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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of laminitis?

A

Developmental: time between injury and clinical signs

Acute: clinical signs present w/no radiographic evidence

Chronic: radiographs show collapse of foot

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17
Q

3 forms of laminitis

A

1) Endocrinopathic (MOST COMMON)
-PPID
-Iatrogenic glucocorticoids
2) Sepsis (endotoxins– diarrhea, high carb diet)
3) Supporting limb lameness

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18
Q

Hoof macroanatomy (sole, frog, white line, coronary band, hoof wall)

A
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19
Q

Hoof microanatomy (stratum externa, medium, internum, coreum)

A
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20
Q

Claw macroanatomy (ungual crest, clawfold, dermis, ungual process, sole, claw plate, coronary band, digital pad)

A
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21
Q

Nail microanatomy (hyponichium, nail matrix, germinal matrix)

A
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22
Q

Gross changes as hoof becomes more laminitic

A
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23
Q

Treatment laminitis

A

Treat underlying cause (d/c steroids if iatrogenic)
Antibiotics
NSAIDs (banamine is anti-endotoxic)
Blood flow tx- pentoxifylline, acepromazine
Hoof care (supportive shoeing)
Husbandry (bedding
Surgery

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24
Q

Hoof with most weight bearing in ruminants (lateral vs medial)

A

Lateral

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25
Q

Difference between hoof laminae in horses and ruminants

A

Ruminants only have primary laminae

(horses have primary and secondary laminae)

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26
Q

Difference in pig feet

A

Presence of accessory digits – nonweight bearing

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27
Q

Animals with antlers

A

Cervids

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28
Q

Animals with horns

A

Bovids

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29
Q

Animals with pronhorns

30
Q

Animals with ossicones

31
Q

What structures connect horns to frontal sinuses? Important in dehorning?

A

Cornual processes

32
Q

When does horn growth stop?

A

Continuous for life of animal

33
Q

What hormone controls horn growth in male goats?

A

Testosterone

34
Q

Which sex of goat has horns?

A

Both M and F

35
Q

When are horns larger?

A

During breeding season

36
Q

How old are cows/sheep, etc when their cornual process of horn invades the frontal sinus?

A

6 months old

37
Q

How to stop horn growth in newborn calves

A

Cauterize germinal epithelium when < 2 months old

38
Q

T or F: Antlers can regenerate after complete detachment

39
Q

Calamus:

A

quill, central stalk of the feather

40
Q

Rachis:

A

Point where barbs start to emerge

41
Q

“Blood feather”

A

Some blood within the calamus
(Can see blood drops within quill when feather is plucked)

42
Q

Types of feathers on body

A

Contour feathers

43
Q

Beak: name of sheath covering maxilla

A

Rhinotheca

44
Q

Beak: name of sheath covering mandible

A

Gnathotheca

45
Q

Feline lung digit syndrome cancer, progosis

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

(initial clinical sign can be long, thin nails)
Prognosis: MST 2 months

46
Q

Predisposing factors for laminitis

A

Equine metabolic syndrome (insulin metabolism)
PPID (equine cushings)
Obesity
Systemic inflammation

47
Q

T or F: Antlers are horns

A

F: NOT a true horn

Boney proliferation from skull covered in by keratinized epithelium

Shed and regrow each year
Males only, except caribou females

48
Q

Familial vasculopathy of german shepherd dogs: mode of inheritance, age of onset

A

Autosomal recessive

4-10 weeks old

49
Q

Familial vasculopathy of german shepherd dogs: Clinical signs

A

Paw pads are soft and swollen with variable depigmentation +/- ulcer, bridge of nose is swollen, ulcers on ear margins and tail tip

Are also pyrexic and lethargic with varying lymphadenopathy

50
Q

Familial vasculopathy of german shepherd dogs: Histopath

A

Histopath shows nodular to diffuse lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis around degenerated collagen and altered vasculature

51
Q

Familial vasculopathy of german shepherd dogs: Treatment

A

If they make it through, they spontaneous recover at 5 to 6 months old with scarring

52
Q

Cell signal required for nail differentiation

53
Q

Human nail diagram (prox nail fold, keratogenous zone, matrix, nail bed, nail plate, hyponychium, eponychium

54
Q

Which part of the hoof is the strongest?

A

Intertubular horn

Intertubular horn is responsible for large amount of mechanical strength, stiffness, and fracture toughness

55
Q

Increase in MMPs can result in ____ in the horse

56
Q

In laminitic horses, there is a destruction of _____ and ______ in the BMZ

A

Laminin and Collagen IV

57
Q

Which cytokines increase MMP activity, which can lead to laminitis

A

IL-1, TNF-alpha

58
Q

Metabolic diseases associated with onychodystrophy

A

Zn
Hepatocutaneous syndrome

59
Q

Location of glands that pigs have to mark territory

A

carpal glands

60
Q

Familial/idiopathic footpad hyperkeratosis: breeds

A

-Irish terrier
-Kerry blue terrier
-Dogues de Bordeaux
-Labrador Retreiver
-Golden Retriever
-MXB

61
Q

Nasodigital hyperkeratosis in labrador retreiver gene

A

SUV39H2 -> Low loricrin

62
Q

Most common dermatophyte in dog claws

A

Trichophyton mentagraphytes

63
Q

Most common dermatophyte in cat claws

A

Microsporum canis

64
Q

Breeds predisposed to SLO

A

German shepherd
Gordon Setter

65
Q

Raynaud’s like syndrome in dogs: clinical signs, age of onset, sex, tx

A

Onychalgia, onychogryphosis, intermittent acrocyanosis of multiple digits

Age: middle

Sex: F in cold climates

Tx: Vasodilation (isoxsuprine)

66
Q

What is different about idiopathic onychodystrophy compared to SLO? IO Breeds?

A

No onychomadesis

Older dogs
Cocker spaniels, Dachshunds, Rhodesians, Husky, Welsh terriers

67
Q

What is different about idiopathic onychomadesis compared to SLO? IO Breeds?

A

Claws lost without having prior onycholysis

GSD, whippet, English springer spaniel

68
Q

Disease associated with plasma cell pododermatitis

A

FIV

(can be triggered by antigenic stimulation, seasonal changes)

69
Q

How many germinal centers does the claw have?

A

At least 4

70
Q

Tyrosinemia breed, clinical signs, etiology

A

GSD
Paw pad ulceration/sloughing + eye dz

Build up of tyrosine –> inflammation 2’ to crystals in tissue (Splendore-Hoeppli)

71
Q

Label this horn

A

1) Frontal sinus
2) Cornual process
3) Noncornified Epidermis/Dermis/periosteum
4) Horny tubules with intertubular horn

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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