Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EV ACVD Study > ECVD Canine Allergy Videos > Flashcards

ECVD Canine Allergy Videos Flashcards

1
Q

Unusual AD distribution in WHWT

A

Caudal dorsum
(r/o fleas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Unusual AD distribution in GSD

A

Lateral thighs, neck
(r/o sarcoptes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unusual AD distribution in Shar Pei

A

Generalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unusual clinic lesions of AD in boxer

A

Urticaria, otitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unusual clinic lesions of AD in Dalmations

A

Pruritus w/o lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Unusual clinic lesions of AD in GSD

A

Pruritus w/o lesions; increased pyotraumatic dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unusual clinic lesions of AD in Golden Retriever

A

Increased pyotraumatic dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Unusual clinic lesions of AD in Labrador retriever

A

Increased pyotraumatic dermatitis; dry skin, interdigital furunculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unusual clinic lesions of AD in Shar Pei

A

Pruritus without lesions; increased otitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Unusual clinic lesions of AD in WHWT

A

Increased Malassezia dermatitis and seborrhea; decreased conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Breed of dog in Switzerland with very strong genetic likelihood of developing cAD

A

WHWT
(maternal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T or F: If neither parent has cAD, 0% risk of developing cAD

A

False. But higher chance of cAD with 1 parent and highest chance with both parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Test to see which pathways are involved in cAD, help you find candidate genes to evaluate for pathogenesis of cAD

A

mRNA microarray studies

(Change can be in pathway to REGULATE tissue change, rather than changes in the skin itself –> visually normal cAD skin is NOT the same as actually normal skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

S100A8 gene as it relates to skin barrier

A

Pro-inflammatory molecule on the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC)
-Correlated with severity of cAD and TNFa
-EDC includes filaggrin, loricin, involucrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gene sets common to cAD, hAD, asthma (5)

A

1) Eosinophilic allergic responses
2) Monocyte chemotacic protein (MCP) cluster
3) IL-1 family cluster
4) IFN- inducible genes
5) Keratin genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

NAME THAT GENE

Pro-inflammatory molecule on the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC)
-Correlated with severity of cAD and TNFa
-EDC includes filaggrin, loricin, involucrin

A

S100A8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Founder effect

A

Explains regional differences in allergies

-If 1 allergic dog is the sire of many other dogs in 1 region, then they will be more likely to have cAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F: Filaggrin mutations are associated with cAD in WHWT

A

False
(Roque et al 2009)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mutation in cAD dogs across breeds, geography

A

TSLP receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

“Hypothesis free” way to look at genomes between affected and unaffected (but related) dogs

A

Genome wide linkage studies

(GWAS does NOT need related dogs, but only can look at SNPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GWLS study with 90 WHWT: gene with highest linkage score to cAD

A

S100A8

(FLG not associated in whwt again)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which breed had linkage of cAD with D Farinae IgE levels

A

WHWT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which breed had association of cAD and Acarus, Tyrophagus IgE levels

A

Labradors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gene associated with cAD in Golden Retrievers

A

Filaggrin
RAB3C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gene associated with cAD in GSD

A

Plakophilin 2
Gene enhancers associated with a risk haplotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gene associated with cAD in WHWT

A

Cytochrome P450 26B1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Protein released by damaged epithelial cells– associated with cAD

A

TSLP receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Enzyme that modulates T-cell and B-cell antigen responses– associated with cAD

A

Protein tyrosine phosphatase
(PTPN22)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Gene that encodes for PAR (protease activated receptors)– associated with cAD

A

F2R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Genes associated with positive IDST (4)

A

CMA1 (mast cell chymase)
SAA-1 (soluble PRR, can bind HDM antigens)
SPINK5 (encodes for LEKTI, which inhibits kallikreins, which degrades corneodesmosomes)
S100A8 (DAMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chromosome associated with high IgE in labrador retrievers

A

CFA5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Chromosome associated with high IgE in WHWT

A

CFA35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Environmental influences that INCREASE cAD (5)

A

1) Urban
2) Regular bathing
3) C-section
4) Household hygiene
5) HDM exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Environmental influences that DECREASE cAD (4)

A

1) Rural
2) Multi-animal household
3) Non-commercial food
4) Skin barrier protective diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do allergens get into the body to cause cAD?

A

1) Epicutaneous
2) Oral
3) Inhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True or False: it is possible that immunotherapy can work through nonallergic mechanisms

A

TRUE

Mannan conjugated DerP2 benefits in dogs that are sensitized to OTHER allergens (NOT HDM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

3 functional tests to assess allergen sensitization –> rarely used

A

1) Prausnitz-Kustner (PK) test
2) Lymphocyte stimulation test
3) Basophil degranulation test– quantifies amount of cell-bound IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or False: There is a strong correlation between positive IgE tests and clinical pattern of allergy

A

FALSE. Positive IgE serum test does not actually correlate with seasonality/indoor/outdoor of disease clinically

Many dogs have positives to seasonal allergens, with no seasonality and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

T or F: Seasonal timing matters when performing serum testing

A

TRUE

Serum IgE may only be present during flare season. Memory T cells are still there, but IgE is gone from serum –> false negatives

40
Q

True or false: Non-related allergens will NOT cross-react

A

FALSE

Toxocara canis and D farinae
Sarcoptes and HDMs
(PPV of sarcoptes tests can be LOW in dogs sensitized to D farinae)
(Dogs that are sensitized to HDM appear positive to sarcoptes, but not other way around)

41
Q

Why do we get false positives on serum allergy tests?

A

IgE may be present, but that version of IgE is non-rheogenic (cannot induce MC degranulation)

42
Q

True or false: Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants affect IDST

A

FALSE. But they do affect serum tests.
–> more false positives, decreased specificity on serum tests.
–> CCD-blockers incubation before ELISA test can reduce false positive responses

-Allergen-associated cross-reacting glycoproteins
-Cannot bind to mast-cell-bound IgE
-Not of clinical significance EXCEPT alpha-galactose (tick allergen with red meat cross reactivity)

43
Q

Which allergens have more CCD against them

A

Pollens. Weed, grass, tree

> > > dust mite, flea allergens

44
Q

Which 2 medications were found to decrease serum IgE to allergens compared to untreated dogs? (Canning et al 2021)

A

Cyclosporine, Lokivetmab

We may need to re-think withdrawing medication prior to serum testing, as they may actually affect outcomes

45
Q

T or F: Atopic dogs without malassezia hypersensitivity still have higher levels of IgE to Malassezia than non-atopic dogs

A

True

46
Q

Does Staphylcoccal hypersensitivity exist?

A

Probably. Some dogs have higher levels of anti-Stapylococcal IgE than healthy dogs.

Tim Nuttal thinks this is similar to Malassezia hypersensitivity

47
Q

Which type of infection does CAFR have an increased prevalence of?

A

Malassezia

48
Q

T or F: there are cross reactions between pork and ruminants

A

TRUE

49
Q

T or F: there are cross reactions between soy and grains

A

TRUE

50
Q

Which version of food processing can result in REDUCED IgE binding (so less CAFR)

A

Cooked foods, wet foods –> denatures epitope

Higher IgE with high temp dry processing!! Can lead to glycosylation of proteins, forming glycoproteins, which are more allergenic than regular proteins

Raw also has high IgE binding

*Not published but super interesting

51
Q

Protein contact dermatitis

A

Type I and IV sensitivity

Skin lesions in areas that make contact with allergy –> develop a few hours after exposure to allergen

Contact sensitivity to a protein (plant or animal protein), rather than to a chemical

Serology negative
Patch test positive

52
Q

Skin barrier defects in cAD (6)

A

1) Increased TEWL
2) Abnormal keratinocyte morphology
3) Abnormal filaggrin expression
4) Abnormal lipid metabolism
5) Abnormal lipid lamellae
6) Abnormal ceramide profiles

53
Q

Essential fatty acid metabolism

A

-Promote fewer inflammatory eicosinoids (LTB4, PGE2)
-Help promote healthier lipid layer in skin

54
Q

T or F: atopic dogs have an altered lipid profile in NONLESIONAL skin of ceramides, sphingomyelins, acylcarnitines

A

True

Different from healthy skin, different from lesional atopic skin

55
Q

T or F: changes in lipid profile with treatment with lokivetmab or oclacitinib

A

TRUE

BUT did not correlate with improved clinical outcome

56
Q

Inflammatory signals released by keratinocytes (6)

A

1) ICAM-1
2) MHC class II
3) TARC
4) TNFalpha
5) IL-8
6) TSLP

57
Q

How does the microbiome affect the skin barrier? (3)

A

Healthy bacteria are associated with:
1) Increased ceramides
2) Decreased TEWL
3) Decreased SCORFAD

58
Q

Effect of topical emollients on skin microbiome

A

Recovers a more diverse microbiome
(human study)

59
Q

Bathing’s impact on skin barrier

A

-TEWL increased after baths

-Also emollient only baths (no chx, miconazole) still decreased Malassezia population

Don’t overbath healthy dogs

60
Q

Cytokines upregulated in ACUTE inflammation (Olivry 2016 transcriptomics study)

A

IL-31
IL-13 RA2 (receptor)
NGF
ALOX5, LTA4 (leukotriene)
Histamine
IL-6
IL-4
IL-33 (weird this is increased but TSLP is decreased??)

DOWN regulation of TSLP!!

61
Q

When is IL-31 expressed in acute inflammation?

A

Expressed EARLY AND TRANSIENT (in skin)— but not realistic, because you will probably have more persistent exposure to allergen

Levels peak at 24-48 hours. Cytopoint should work within 24 hours

Increase in expression of IL-31RA on keratinocytes and nerves

Higher level in BLOOD, very transient in the skin

62
Q

T or F: IL-31 levels correlate well with skin lesions

A

FALSE
No correlation based on Mochizuki + Olivry study 2021

63
Q

What causes different versions of the IL-31 receptor?

A

3 variants of IL-31 receptor based on SPLICING
2 long variants- functional
1 short variant- nonfunctional

64
Q

Which form of IL-31 RA is present in HEALTHY skin?

A

The SHORT (nonfunctional form!)

65
Q

Which form of IL-31 RA is present in CHRONICALLY inflamed skin

A

Downregulation of BOTH long and short variants of IL-31 RA

BUT there is an INCREASE in IL-31 itself in chronically inflamed skin

66
Q

Other than pruritus, what are 3 other roles of IL-31?

A

-Involved in acute inflammation
-Epidermal thinning
-Altered skin barrier

67
Q

Changes to the IL-31 RA structure can result in increase in _______ activity, which may induce CHRONIC inflammatory patterns

A

Oncostatin-M

68
Q

Which circulating inflammatory markers are elevated in cAD? (5)

A

-IL-17
-IL-31
-Total IgE
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils

(A different study showed variation in IL-17, IL-22, and IL-31 expression)

69
Q

Which 3 inflammatory response types are markers of acute atopic inflammation

A

Th2
Th17
Th22

70
Q

Which cell makes a lot of TSLP

A

Keratinocytes

71
Q

Which cell does TSLP act on

A

Activates Langerhans cells and T cells

72
Q

Which type of inflammation does TSLP promote

A

Th2 differentiation

mutation in TSLP R associated with cAD

73
Q

Which cytokines does TSLP induce production of

A

IL-4
IL-13

74
Q

How much TSLP is present in nonlesional atopic skin compared to healthy skin

A

Significantly more TSLP in atopic skin, even if nonlesional

75
Q

In CHRONIC cAD, in addition to Th2 cytokine increase, what other types of cytokines are increased?

A

Th1 (IFNgamma, TNFalpha)

Also Th22, Th17

76
Q

TNFalpha levels in LESIONAL chronic cAD skin correlates with ______

A

Severity of disease

77
Q

Which breed had a distinct cytokine profile for their cAD, compared to other breeds of atopic dogs

A

Staffordshire bull terriers (Mazrier et al 2021)

78
Q

T or F: Altered levels of CXCL8, IL-7, IL-15, SCF/c-kit, GM-CSF are present in CAD skin +/- plasma

A

True

*CXCL8: neutrophil chemoattractant
*IL-7: B cell, T cell, NK development
*IL-15: promotes T cells
*SCF: mast cell growth and activation factor
* GM-CSF: promotes macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils/eosinophils, lymphocytes, platelets

79
Q

Increases in IL-10 and FoxP3+ cells indicate ________ (success or failure) of ASIT

A

Success

80
Q

IL-10 has been increased in _____ form of ASIT, but not ______ or _______
(SCIT, SLIT, ILIT)

A

IL-10 only found to be increased in ILIT in 1 study (Martini et al 2021)

Variable things seen in different papers

81
Q

Lower levels of _______ cells at an early age was associated with a higher risk of cAD at an older age in WHWT

A

TReg cells

82
Q

Which cells are increased in cAD, with a weak correlation with disease severity?

A

CD4+/CD25+/FOXP3+ TReg cells
(per Nuttal’s ECVD lecture)

83
Q

T or F: TReg levels DECLINE in dogs with cAD over time

A

FALSE

This does happen in normal dogs. But TReg levels seem to be increased in cAD later on. However, low levels of TReg as a young dog is associated with cAD later in life

84
Q

In addition to IL-31, what are other itch signaling molecules? (7)

A

1) Histamine
2) PAR2
3) TRPM8- menthol
4) TRPV1- capsaicin
5) Cannabinoid receptors
6) Opiod receptors
7) Substance P- NK1 & GABA

85
Q

Lower levels of _______ cells at an early age was associated with a higher risk of cAD at an older age in WHWT

A

TReg cells

86
Q

What happens to the diversity of microorganisms on cAD skin?

A

Decreased diversity

Skewed to Staphylococcus

87
Q

Which of the below has the largest influences on skin microbiome?

-Household
-Sex
-Health
-Body site

A

Household had the largest influence on skin microbiome composition!

88
Q

Result of Clavamox treatment on microbiome population

A

Reduces Staphylococcal population, but allows other bacteria to flourish –> restores microbiome diversity

89
Q

What allows atopic children to have a more diverse microbiome during an atopic flare?

A

Proactive treatment, rather than just reactive treatment during a flare

90
Q

Which immune cell helps regulate skin barrier and tolerance?

A

ILCs

ILC respond to TSLP, IL-33, IL-25 from keratinocytes and microbial alarm signals –> activate Th2 inflammation, degrade the skin barrier

91
Q

In addition to skin microbiome, which other microbiome can affect skin health?

A

Gut microbiome

Gut dysbiosis is associated with human asthma and eczema

92
Q

Protective or Susceptibility to cAD: antibiotic use

A

Susceptibility

93
Q

Protective or Susceptibility to cAD: probiotics, macrobiotic diet

A

Protective

94
Q

Protective or Susceptibility to cAD: Endotoxins

A

Protective

95
Q

Biodiversity hypothesis

A

Modern version of hygiene hypothesis

Loss of macrodiversity in the environment and microdiversity within an individual leads to –>
1) Microbe dysbiosis
2) Immune dysfunction
3) Inflammatory dysresponse, lack of tolerance
4) Clinical symptoms of AD

96
Q

T or F: Probiotics can potentially ameliorate progression of cAD

A

True

One study when giving probiotics to mother, affecting her puppies (Marsella)

Another study showed increased lesion scores, pruritus, and TEWL. BUT not change in microbiome (Santoro)

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions