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EV ACVD Study > Dermis > Flashcards

Dermis Flashcards

1
Q

Rate limiting step for collagen synthesis

A

Prolyl hydroxylase

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2
Q

How does hyperbaric oxygen affect the dermis?

A

Promotes collagen formation (prolyl hydroxylase)

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3
Q

How does vitamin C affect the dermis?

A

Promotes collagen formation (reducing agent for prolyl hydroxylase)

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4
Q

What element is needed for lysyl hydroxylase oxidation?

A

Copper

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5
Q

Mode of secretion of epitrichial sweat glands

A

MEROCRINE (not apocrine)
-Secretion via exocytosis

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6
Q

Which species do NOT have epitrichial sweat glands?

A

Rodents, ferrets

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7
Q

Which part of hair follicle has the entrance for the epitrichial sweat gland?

A

Infundibulum

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8
Q

Where are epitrichial sweat glands largest on the body?

A

Glaborous areas

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9
Q

What sweat gland change occurs in anhidrosis?

A

Downregulation of aquaporin 5 (water channel for rapid fluid movement)

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10
Q

What medication can downregulate aquaporin 5?

A

Macrolides (horses treated for Rhodococcus)

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11
Q

What cell surrounds equine sweat glands? #Unique

A

Myoepithelial cells (all animals), but in a loose basket-weave pattern with a rich surrounding blood supply!!

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12
Q

Are epitrichial sweat glands directly innervated in horses?

A

No. Neural control via adrenergic agonists is MAIN control.

ALSO: humoral control via adrenergic agonists from adrenal medulla during exercise

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13
Q

How are epitrichial sweat glands innervated?

A

NOT directly

Neural control via adrenergic agonists

Humoral control via adrenergic agonists

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14
Q

What part of the dermis contributes to its tensile strength?

A

Collagen, elastin

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15
Q

What part of the dermis contributes to its compressive resistance?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronan

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16
Q

Which immune cells are residents in the dermis?

A

1) Macrophages
2) Mast cells
3) Melanocytes
4) Dendritic cells

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17
Q

What is unique about the scrotal dermis?

A

Numerous smooth muscle bundles

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18
Q

Does the superficial dermis have more tightly or loosely woven collagen/elastin compared to the deep dermis?

A

Looser

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19
Q

What is the Ross-Spiegel layer?

A

“Horse mirror” layer in equine dermis
-collagen fibers in a “tree-like” arrangement that appears shiny on gross exam

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20
Q

Where on the body is the Ross-Spiegel/ Horse Mirror layer?

A

Rump, back, upper half of chest

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21
Q

Major cell type in the dermis

A

Fibroblasts

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22
Q

Embryonic origin of fibroblasts

A

Mesenchymal

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23
Q

Cell that makes glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, procollagen, elastin

A

Fibroblasts

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24
Q

ECM products of fibroblasts

A

1) Glycosaminoglycans
2) Glycoproteins
3) Procollagen
4) Elastin

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25
Q

Functions of fibroblasts (4)

A

1) Produce ECM proteins
2) Mitosis after tissue damage –> wound healing
3) Degrade matrix proteins
4) Synthesize cell mediators for cell growth, differentiation, migration, inflammation (TGF-β, MMP-1)

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26
Q

Collagen types in adult dermis

A

Types I (majority!), III, V

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27
Q

Collagen types in fetal dermis

A

Type III

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28
Q

First collagen type made during wound healing

A

Type III

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29
Q

Collagen types around blood vessels

A

Types III, V

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30
Q

Collagen that stabilizes/organizes larger fibrils of ECM

A

Type VI

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31
Q

FACIT collagens (fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices); organize/stabilize fibril-forming collagens (I, III, V)

A

Types XII, XIV

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32
Q

Collagen types in the BMZ

A

Types IV, VII, XVII

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33
Q

Which amino acids are required for cross-linking between collagen α-chains; stabilize triple helix

A

Proline, hydroxyproline

(Also glycine)

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34
Q

Which amino acids are required for cross-linking between collagen fibrils?

A

Lysine, hydoxylysine

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35
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis:
Vitamin C!!

A

Stimulate

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36
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: TGF-β

A

Stimulate

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37
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: IL-1

A

Stimulate

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38
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: IL-4

A

Stimulate

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39
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: IGF-1

A

Stimulate

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40
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: IGF-2

A

Stimulate

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41
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: superoxide generating system

A

Stimulate

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42
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: bleomycin

A

Stimulate

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43
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: PDGF

A

Stimulate

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44
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: glucocorticoids

A

Inhibit

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45
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: retinoids

A

Inhibit

(*Although quiescent cells can be stimulated to activate collagen gene expression)

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46
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: vitamin D3

A

Inhibit

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47
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: Parathormone

A

Inhibit

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48
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: Prostaglandin E2

A

Inhibit

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49
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: IFN-γ

A

Inhibit

50
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: D-penicillamine

A

Inhibit

51
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit collagen synthesis: minoxidil

A

Inhibit

52
Q

Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase enzyme requirements to function (4)

A

1) Oxygen
2) Ferrous iron
3) α-ketoglutarate
4) Vitamin C– reducing agent

53
Q

Clinical outcomes of scurvy

A

Poor wound healing
Decreased tensile strength of dermis

54
Q

Mechanism by which hyperbaric oxygen can help wound healing

A

Increase activity of prolyl hydroxylase

55
Q

Effect of glucocorticoids on wound healing? Why?

A

DECREASED
Inhibit prolyl hydroxylase

56
Q

Type of bond between triple helix alpha chains in collagen synthesis

A

Disulfide bonds

57
Q

Intracellular pathway for collagen synthesis

A

Nucleus (transcription) -> rER (translation) -> cytoplasm (triple helix formation) -> Extracellular (protease cleaves procollagen to collagen)

58
Q

Disease from deficiency of a protease to cleave procollagen’s terminals off

A

Dermatosparaxis

59
Q

Enzyme that crosslinks collagen fibrils via covalent bonds

A

Lysyl oxidase

60
Q

Requirements of lysyl oxidase

A

Copper

61
Q

Cause of lathyrism (spastic paraparesis)

A

β-aminopropionitrile from legumes inhibits lysyl oxidase (cross links collagen fibrils)

62
Q

Enzyme to degrade collagen

A

Matrix metalloproteinase

63
Q

Requirements for MMP function

A

Calcium, Zinc

64
Q

Denatured collagen product

A

Gelatin

65
Q

What can you measure to indicate amount of collagen turnover?

A

Hydoxylysine and hydroxyproline levels in urine

-> these amino acids are specific to collagen

66
Q

Histopathology stain for collagen

A

Masson-Trichrome

67
Q

3 types of elastic fibers in dermis

A

1) Elastin
2) Elaunin
3) Oxytalan

68
Q

What surrounds mature elastic fibers?

A

Microfibrils (fibrillins, fibulins) + type VI collagen

69
Q

Which fibers anchor the deep dermis to the superficial?

A

Vertically- arranged oxytalan fibers

(elastin is horizontal)

70
Q

Which fibers anchor the superficial dermis to the BMZ?

A

Oxytalan

71
Q

Fiber with an arcade-like arrangement in the superficial dermis

A

Elaunin

Small, amorphous
Cross linked to elastin w/microfibrils

72
Q

Precursor to elastin

A

Tropoelastin

73
Q

Where in cells is tropoelastin converted to elastin

A

Extracellularly

74
Q

Which enzyme cross links desmosine/isodesmosine to elastin?

A

Lysyl oxidase

(same as collagen fibril cross link! Needs Copper, Oxygen)

75
Q

Name the enzymes related to collagen/elastin synthesis/degredation, and their mineral requirements

A

1) Lysyl oxidase: copper, oxygen
2) Propyl/lysyl Hydroxylases: iron, oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate, vitamin C
3) MMP: Calcium, zinc
4) Elastase: some need Ca, most are serine proteases

76
Q

What makes elastin insoluble?

A

Cross link to desmosine, isodesmosine

77
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit elastin synthesis: TGF-β a

A

Stimulate

78
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit elastin synthesis: IGF-1

A

Stimulate

79
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit elastin synthesis: TNF-α

A

Inhibit

80
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit elastin synthesis: vitamin D3

A

Inhibit

81
Q

Stimulate or Inhibit elastin synthesis: Colchicine

A

inhibit

82
Q

Enzyme that degrades elastin

A

Elastase

83
Q

Mineral requirement of some elastases

A

Calcium (but most are serine proteases)

84
Q

Histopathology stains for elastin fibers (2)

A

1) Verhoeff van Gieson
2) Acid orcein-Giemsa

85
Q

Contents of diffuse and filamentous matrix

A

1) proteoglycans (PG)
2) glycoproteins
3) glucosaminoglycans (GAG)

86
Q

Contents of ground substance

A

Proteoglycans
Glucosaminoglycans

87
Q

Function of ground substance

A

1) Water storage
2) Wound healing
3) Resists compressive forses
*Allows nutrients, electrolytes, cells to pass

88
Q

Name a proteoglycans that bind to hyaluronic acid in dermis

A

Versican

89
Q

Name a proteoglycan that aggregates on type I collagen

A

Decorin

90
Q

Name 4 glucosaminoglycans

A

-Heparan sulfate
-Chondroitin sulfate
-Keratan sulfate
-Dermatan sulfate

91
Q

Only glucosaminoglycan WITHOUT a core (proteoglycan)

A

Hyaluronic acid

92
Q

Which component of the dermis is high in fetal skin, which allows healing without scarring

A

Hyaluronic acid

93
Q

Which glycoprotein is the main component of hyaluronic acid?

A

Mucin

94
Q

Name 6 glycoproteins

A

1) Fibrillin
2) Fibulin
3) FIbronectin
4) Vitronectin
5) Tenascin
6) Mucin

95
Q

Where are the glycoproteins

A

Bound to elastin, collagen

*Can modify cell interactions, vascular permeability, development of collagen, wound healing.

96
Q

Where in the body are mucin levels highest?

A

Around appendages

97
Q

Etiology of increased mucin in Shar-Peis

A

Increased hyaluronan synthase

98
Q

Histopathology stain for mucin

A

Alcian blue

99
Q

Cause of dermatoparaxis

A

Defective protease, unable to cleave amino-terminal from procollagen

100
Q

Species with dermatoparaxis

A

cattle
sheep
doberman pinscher
himalayan cat

101
Q

Histopathology stain for Ehlers-Danlos

A

masson trichrome

102
Q

On histopathology for Ehlers-Danlos: in addition to irregular collagen bundles, what other change is present?

A

Increased mucin

103
Q

Other than the skin, what other organs can be affected by Ehlers-Danlos

A

Eyes
Ligaments
Tendons
Blood vessels

104
Q

Which breed gets Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia?

A

Quarter horses

105
Q

Gene for Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia?

Mode of inheritance?

A

Cyclophilin
B/ peptidylprolyl isomerase B (PPIB)

Autosomal Recessive

–> impaired collagen synthesis and folding
–age of onset 1.5 yr

106
Q

Which body regions are primarily affected by Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia?

A

Dorsum
Lateral thorax
Withers
Croup

107
Q

Age of onset of Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia?

A

1.5 years old

108
Q

Where should you biopsy a horse with suspected Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia?

A

back, croup, neck

Fewer false negatives

109
Q

Treatment of ehlers-danlos

A

Reduce trauma
Possibly vitamin C

110
Q

Disease with nonfunctional lysyl hydroxylase

A

Warmblood fragile foal syndrome

111
Q

Mode of inheritance Warmblood fragile foal syndrome

A

Autosomal recessive

112
Q

Clinical signs of warmblood fragile foal syndrome

A

Still born with fragile skin, skin defects, flexible joins, incomplete closure of abdominal wall

113
Q

Breed with genetic nonfunctional lysyl hydroxylase disease

A

Warmbloods

114
Q

Cause of solar elastosis

A

Degradation of collagen/elastin 2’ UV radiation

115
Q

How does UV light affect collagen levels

A

UV light upregulates collagenase by fibroblasts –> Collagen and elastin degeneration

116
Q

Histopathology stain for solar elastosis

A

Verhoff van Gieson stain

117
Q

Species with scleroderma

A

Humans, horses

118
Q

Localized scleroderma

A

Morphea

119
Q

Other organs affected by generalized scleroderma

A

Fibrosis of skin, lungs, GI, kidneys, heart

120
Q

Diseases that cause excess mucin (6)

A

1) Hypothyroid
2) Acromegaly
3) DLE
4) Dermatomyositis
5) Alopecia mucinosa
6) Idiopathic- shar pei mucinosis

121
Q

Treatment for shar pei mucinosis

A

Corticosteroids

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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