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EV ACVD Study > Julia Miller's Equine + LA crash course +Udenburg Summary Charts > Flashcards

Julia Miller's Equine + LA crash course +Udenburg Summary Charts Flashcards

She deserves a medal

1
Q

Pruritic ectoparasites in horses

A

Chorioptes
Pediculosis
Fly bites

Less likely: Sarcoptes, Psoroptes

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2
Q

What is the typical age of onset of atopy in horses

A

THERE IS NONE. Can happen at any time

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3
Q

Causes of urticaria in horses

A

Food
Bug
Drug
Atopy

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4
Q

Causes of lichenification in horses

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity
Atopy
Onchocerciasis

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5
Q

Where do Culiocoides in the USA most like to bite on the body

A

Face, neck, ventrum, mane, tail

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6
Q

Where do lice cause pruritus in horses

A

Mane, tail, topline

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7
Q

Differentials for pruritus of the ventral midline in horses

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity
Atopy
Onchocerciases

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8
Q

Equine rump

A

Werneckiella equi

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9
Q

Sucking louse of horses

A

Haematopinus asini

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10
Q

Most common Staphylococcus folliculitis species in horses

A

S aureus
S hyicus hyicus
S delphini

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11
Q

Clinical signs of Malassezia dermatitis in horses

A

Udder, sheath dark brown debris

Tail rubbing

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12
Q

What do you need to add to your dermatophyte culture medium in horse samples

A

Niacin (T equinum)

Inositol + Thiamine (T verrucosum)

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13
Q

How to sample for Chorioptes

A

Feathers!

Acetate tape
Superficial skin scraping– CRUSTS

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14
Q

Most common culicoides r-allergens

A

Cul o 2
Cul o 3

Salivary proteins

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15
Q

Which cytokines are elevated in culicoides hypersensitivity

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13
IL-31

Th1 is unaffected or decreased. Th1 is PROTECTIVE against CH

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16
Q

Most common cause of allergic dermatitis in horses

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity

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17
Q

Breed predisposition for Culicoides hypersensitivity

A

Icelandic horses

Dutch Shetland Pony
Belgian Warmbloods

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18
Q

Queensland itch is ____

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity

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19
Q

Summer eczema is _____

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity

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20
Q

Sweet itch is _______

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity

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21
Q

Greasy heal is ______

A

Pastern folliculitis and furunculosis

(Usually Staphylococcus aureus, hyicus, delphini)

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22
Q

Phlegmon is _______

A

Cellulitis
(Coagulase positive Staphylococcus)

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23
Q

Heat Rash is ________

A

Staph F&F

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24
Q

Summer Scab is _______

A

Staph F&F

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25
Q

Sweating Eczema is _______

A

Staph F&F

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26
Q

Sweat Spots is ______

A

Staph F&F

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27
Q

Saddle Scab, Saddle Boil is ______

A

Staph F&F

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28
Q

Strangles is _______

A

Streptococcus equi equi

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29
Q

Wyoming Strangles, False Strangles is ________

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

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30
Q

Pigeon Breast, Pigeon Fever is _____

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

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31
Q

Rain Scald (dorsum), Rain Rot, Mud Fever (pastern, cannon) is _______

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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32
Q

Dew poisoning is ______

A

Dermatophilosis of lightly pigmented areas

Dermatophilus crossover with photosensitization

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33
Q

Poll evil is _____

A

Actinomyces

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34
Q

Shigellosis is ______

A

Fatal septicemia of neonatal foals

Caused by Actinomyces equuli

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35
Q

Wooden tongue is _____

A

Pyogranulomatous Glossitis

Caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii

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36
Q

Malignant Edema causative agent

A

Clostridium septicum

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37
Q

Gas Gangrene causative agent

A

Clostridium perfringens

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38
Q

Equine Farcy, Glanders

A

Burkholderia mallei

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39
Q

Meliodiosis

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

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40
Q

Champignon is ____

A

Spermatic Cord Botryomycosis

Caused by Stap aureus

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41
Q

Lumpy Jaw is _____

A

Actinomyces bovis

Mandibular Osteomyelitis

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42
Q

Black Leg is ______

A

Clostridium chauvoei

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43
Q

Bovine Farcy causative agent

A

Mycobacterium senegalense

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44
Q

Digital Dermatitis, Foot Warts, Heel Warts, Strawberry Heel Warts is ________

A

Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis

Caused by Treponema

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45
Q

Interdigital Dermatitis, NON-papillomatous interdigital dermatitis in farm animals is ______

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

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46
Q

Goat Pox is _____

A

Impetigo

Staph aureus, hyicus, chromogenes

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47
Q

Big Head is ______

Goats, Sheep

A

Clostridium novyi
Clostridium oedematiens

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48
Q

Eye Scab, Peri-Orbital Eczema in sheep is _______

A

Staph aureus, xylosus

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49
Q

Lumpy Wool, Strawberry Foot rot, Yellow Wool in Suffolk/Romney Sheep is _______

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

Fine wooled sheep

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50
Q

Leather Lips, Cruels is ____

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii in sheep

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51
Q

Greasy Pig Disease

A

Exudative Epidermitis

Staph hyicus

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52
Q

Diamond Skin Disease is

A

Subacute Erysipelas

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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53
Q

MR Staph aureus

A

CA-MRSA-5/ USA500
CC8
SCCmec IV

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54
Q

T or F: Streptococcus equisimilis is zoonotic

A

True

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55
Q

Vector for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A

Haematobia irritans (horn)
Stomoxys calcitrans (stable)
Musca domestica (horse)

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56
Q

Horses predisposed to botryomycosis with Coagulase + Staph, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinobacillus equuli

A

PPID

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57
Q

Bacteria that can cause acute thrombosis of digital arteries

A

Salmonella infantum

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58
Q

Opportunistic nodular wound contamination Mycobacterium in horses

A

Mycobacterium smegmatis

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59
Q

Widespread exfoliative granulomatous dermatitis of the udder in horses

A

Mycobacterium avium avium

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60
Q

How do horses develop anaerobic infections (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Clostridium)

A

Skin surface of MM commensals: 2’ to trauma, surgery

Cellulitis, nodules, draining tracts

Debridement + Penicillin

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61
Q

Treatment for Staphylococcus F&F in horses

(common in tack-bearing regions)

A

TMS

Poor susceptibility to penicillin, tetracycline

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62
Q

Most common culicoides species in the USA

A

Culicoides sonorensis

Also Culicoides insignis

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63
Q

Where do culicoides like to lay their eggs

A

Near water, vegetation, slow running streams

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64
Q

When do culicoides feed

A

Dusk and dawn

STABLE YOUR HORSE OVERNIGHT

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65
Q

Vector for Onchocerca

A

Culicoides

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66
Q

Which biting fly is very seasonal? Only out during spring-fall

A

Culicoides

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67
Q

T or F: IDST and serum testing for Culicoides hypersensitivity has a low sensitivity and specificity

A

True. Likely because we use whole body extracts

May be better in the future with r-allergens

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68
Q

Best treatment for Culicoides

A

Avoid gnat population

Fans
Remove water from area, or move horse away from standing water
Inside at dusk/dawn

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69
Q

Topical repellent treatments for culicoides

A

Permethrin >1%
Neem oil

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70
Q

Blocking which 2 cytokines shows promise in managing culicoides hypersensitivity

A

IL-5 (vaccine, eosinophils)

IL-31 (pruritus)

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71
Q

1 cause of PERSISTENT urticaria in horses

A

New hay!!

Also new pasture, new grains, new supplements

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72
Q

1 cause of TRANSIENT urticaria in horses

A

Biting insects

Tabanids (horse fly)
Wasps, Bees

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73
Q

Which drugs have been implicated in urticaria in horses

A

SMZ
Prascend
Regumate

Joint injections, Adequan
Vaccines

Supplements
Shampoos, fly sprays, bedding

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74
Q

Best treatment for urticaria in horses

A

Glucocorticoids: short, tapering protocol
+/- antihistamines

Do not use antihistamines as a monotherapy

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75
Q

Horse breed predisposed to atopy

A

Thoroughbred
Quarterhorse
Arabians

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76
Q

When does JMiller read her horse IDSTs?

A

15 mins, 30 mins
4-6 hr
24 hr

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77
Q

Response to ASIT in horses

A

70-80% satisfaction
Results in 3 months possible

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78
Q

Does ASIT work for equine asthma

A

Not proven

JMiller says it helps in 50% of her cases, but for the sake of the exam, we have no data to say it helps

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79
Q

Dose of cetirizine for a horse

A

0.2-0.4 mg/kg q12h

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80
Q

Dose of hydroxyzine in a horse

A

1-2 mg/kg q8-12h

81
Q

Does Apoquel work for horse Atopy?

A

It can but its off label

DO NOT USE in insured horses

Safety unknown, esp long term

May help with pruritus, less helpful for hives

82
Q

Scratches, mud fever, grease heel, mallanders, grapes is ______

A

Pastern dermatitis

Cutaneous reaction pattern

83
Q

What should you consider in a horse with pastern dermatitis

A

Predisposing factors
Primary factors
Perpetuating factors

84
Q

What are the predisposing factors for horse pastern dermatitis

A

Environmental
Genetic
Iatrogenic

85
Q

What are the primary factors for horse pastern dermatitis

A

Physical irritants
Immune mediated
Parasitic
Neoplastic

86
Q

What are the perpetuating factors for horse pastern dermatitis

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Environmental

87
Q

Most common cause of pastern dermatitis in horses

A

Wound, trauma, maceration

“Clean and dry is worth a try”

88
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Habronema

89
Q

Vector?

A

Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly)
Musca domestica (house fly)

Habronema

90
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Photosensitization

91
Q

Dilution of lime sulfur dip

A

Dilute to 3-4%

Do NOT rinse off

92
Q

Which equine bacteria ARE susceptible to penicillins

A

Streptococcus, Dermatophilosis

DONT USE IN STAPH

93
Q

Absorption of doxycycline in horses?

A

Poorly bioavailable

Minocycline is better

94
Q

Oral treatments for Dermatophilosis

A

TMS
PPG

Topicals are great though! LSD, chlorhex

95
Q

Diagnosis? Horse CRUST bx

A

Dermatophilosis

Railroad track

96
Q

Which plants can cause PRIMARY photosensitization

A

St Johns Wort
Clover
Bishops Weed

97
Q

Which drugs can cause PRIMARY photosensitization

A

Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Topical antimicrobials

98
Q

What agent is implicated in SECONDARY photosensitization

A

Phylloerythrin

Hepatic dysfunction, so phylloerythrin is not excreted, ends up in skin –> phototoxic

99
Q

Which plants cause SECONDARY photosensitization

A

Ragwort
Heliotrope
Rattlebox

100
Q

Labwork to run in equine photosensitization cases

A

GGT, SDH (liver!)

101
Q

Treatments for photosensitization

A

UV avoidance
Topical GCs
Systemic antiinflammatories
Tx 2’ infection

102
Q

Triggers for cutaneous vasculitis in horses

A

Drug, illness, vaccine, etc

103
Q

Triggers for pastern leukocytoclastic vasculitis

A

Photo-aggravated
Staph, dermatophilosis, trauma

NOT hepatic

104
Q

Location of pastern leukocytoclastic vasculitis

A

Non-pigmented distal extremities

Immune-complex disease
-Superficial vascular plexus

105
Q

When I say pastern leukocytoclastic vasculitis, you say _____

A

Immune complex disease of the superficial vascular plexus!

106
Q

Treatment for equine cutaneous vasculitis

A

Eliminate triggering antigen

Glucocorticoids
Pentoxifylline (10-25mg/kg BID)
Azathioprine
+/- minocycline

107
Q

Prognosis of cutaneous vasculitis in horses

A

Poor

108
Q

Does Chorioptes burrow in the skin?

A

No
Non-burrowing mite

Feeds on cellular debris, hides in long hair

109
Q

How long can chorioptes live OFF the host

A

Approx 3 months

110
Q

Treatment for chorioptes

A

Clip feathers!!

LSD
Fipronil

111
Q

T or F: there are asymptomatic carriers of chorioptes

A

True

112
Q

Draft horse. Diagnosis?

A

Chronic progressive lymphedema

113
Q

What causes chronic progressive lymphedema

A

Unknown if genetic of inflammatory dz PRIMARY

  • Dysfunction of the lymphatic system –> lympedema
  • Lower elastin concentration in skin, anti-elastin antibodies
  • Fibrosis
  • Inflammation
114
Q

Which gene has been evaluated for chronic progressive lymphedema, and is NOT associated with CPL in horses

A

FOXC2

115
Q

3 species causing Summer Sores

A

1) Habronema muscae
2) Habronema majus
3) Draschia megastoma

116
Q

Pathogenesis of Habronemiasis

A

Horse ingests larvae
Adults live in stomach lining –> poop out larve

Flies eat larvae from feces
Flies = intermediate host

Flies deposit larvae in wounds, nostrils, mouth

Cause LOCAL HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

117
Q

Clinical signs of habronemiasis

A

Non healing, exuberant, granulomatous lesions

3rd eyelid, mouth, coronary band, penis

118
Q

Horse. Diagnosis?

A

Habronemiasis

Granulomatous, foci of eosinophils with a nematode in the center

119
Q

Treatment for Habronemiasis

A

Topical GCs
Wound management
Ivermectin, moxidectin PO
Surgical debulking
Fly control

Tx 2’ infections

120
Q

Risk factors for pediculosis

A

Winter
Overcrowding
Poor health, nutrition
Young animals

121
Q

Body distribution of pediculosis

A

Mane + tail > body

Pruritus

122
Q

Differences in treatment between Chewing and Sucking lice

A

Chewing: Topicals only

Sucking: Systemics + topicals

LSD, permethrin pour on, eprinomectin pour on (cows, goat)

Ivermectin

123
Q

River Blindness is _____

A

Onchocerciasis

Ocular signs: Depigmentation of conjunctiva, keratitis, uveitis

124
Q

Where do Onchocerca cervicalis adults live

A

Nuchal ligament

125
Q

Intermediate host of Onchocerca cervicalis

A

Culicoides

Location of lesions correlate to where gnats feed

126
Q

What causes the skin lesions in onchocerciasis

A

Microfilaria in the dermis

127
Q

T or F: Onchocerciasis is pruritic

A

True

128
Q

Treatment for onchocerciasis

A

Ivermectin = microfilaricidal

BUT no treatment for adults!

(think heartworm)

129
Q

3 risk factors for sarcoids

A

1) Exposure to BPV (but also in healthy skin!)
2) Local cutaneous trauma (allows viral activation)
3) Genetic predilection (certain MHC profiles, QH, Ap, Arabian, TB, WB)

130
Q

What TYPE of sarcoid is this

A

Occult

(Flat)

131
Q

What TYPE of sarcoid is this

A

Verrucous (Irregular, wart-like)

132
Q

What TYPE of sarcoid is this

A

Nodular

Type A = SQ with normal overlying skin

Type B = Dermal with ABNORMAL overlying skin

133
Q

What TYPE of sarcoid is this

A

Fibroblastic

Type 1: Pedunculated
Type 2: Sessile, broad-based

134
Q

What TYPE of sarcoid is this

A

Malevolent, Malignant

Locally invasive, aggressive
Hx repeat trauma

Likely to recur after sx

135
Q

What TYPE of sarcoid is this

A

Mixed

No predominant type
Likely transient, progressive state

136
Q

Gold standard to diagnose equine sarcoids

A

Biopsy

PCR NOT helpful (BPV on normal skin too)

FNA is inconclusive

137
Q

Ingredients in XXTERRA (sarcoid tx)

A

Blood root powder, alkaloid (cytotoxic)
ZnCl (proinflammatory)

Antigenic to host
Effective but inflammatory

138
Q

Imiquimod cytokines upregulated

A

Th1: IL-2, IL-12, IFNa, IFNg

TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8

139
Q

MOA 5-fluorouracil

A

Inhibits viral DNA replication, blocks thymidylate synthetase

Intratumoral injection of sarcoids

140
Q

What adjustment can you make to cisplatin administration that may make it more effective for equine sarcoids

A

Electrochemotherapy (also sx)

Electrical field pulses increase cell membrane permeability– more cisplatin can get inside

141
Q

AE of cryotherapy in horses

A

Leukotrichia

142
Q

Which sarcoid location is responsive to intralesional BCG immunotherapy

A

Periocular sarcoids

Nodular, fibroblastic only

Risk of anaphylaxis

143
Q

Do non-grey horses have a higher or lower risk of malignant melanomas?

A

Higher chance of malignancy in non-grey horses

144
Q

T or F: 80% of 12+ yr old grey horses have melanomas

A

True. 95% are benign at time of diagnosis, but many become malignant with time

145
Q

Most common location of dermal melanoma in grey horses

A

Tail, perineum

Also lips, prepuce, eyelids, parotid SG

146
Q

Age, body location, prognosis of melanocytoma in horses

A

YOUNG horses (< 8 yr)

Legs, neck, trunk, face

Benign

NOT perineum, penile, eyelid– that’s dermal melanomas

147
Q

Treatment of choice for dermal melanoma

A

Surgical excision

+/- laser, cryotherapy

148
Q

T or F: cisplatin injection is an option for non-resectable melanomas

A

True

Can also use carboplatin; debulk if >3cm

149
Q

Target of Oncept melanoma vaccine

A

DNA vaccine against Tyrosinase

Melanomas overexpress tyrosinase

Elicits humoral and cell-mediated immunity

150
Q

Most common tumor affecting the equine eye

A

SCC

151
Q

Most common tumor affecting male genitalia

A

SCC

152
Q

Risk factors for SCC in horses

A

Older age
Non-pigmented skin
Excessive sunlight
Draft horses

153
Q

Pre-cancerous lesions that can convert to SCC in horses

A

Actinic keratosis
Carcinoma in situ
Chronic keratosis

Chronic skin inflammation (smegma, injury) and UV light are important!

154
Q

Which virus is commonly found in ocular and genital SCC in horses

A

EcPV-2

Necessary but not sufficient to induce SCC

155
Q

Treatment for SCC in hroses

A

Wide surgical excision

Enucleation or phallectomy

156
Q

Treatment for equine viral papillomatosis

(young horse, lips/nose)

A

Leave alone!
Spontaneously regress in 2-3mo

157
Q

Treatment for equine genital papillomas

(older horse)

A

Surgical excision

Transformation to SCC

158
Q

Vector for equine aural plaques

A

Black flies

159
Q

Test you can do to evaluate for equine anhidrosis

A

Intradermal injections of epinephrine, terbutaline

Stimulate sweat glands

160
Q

Origin of humoral control of equine sweating

A

Adrenergic agonists secreted from adrenal medulla into circulation

161
Q

Nervous control of equine sweating

A

Autonomic adrenergic nerves

162
Q

Trigger for equine anhidrosis

A

Continued adrenaline-driven hyperactivity (from climate stress)

163
Q

Risk factors for Bovine Dermatophytosis

A

Weak immune system (calves, heifers)
Poor nutrition, overcrowding
Winter

164
Q

Treatment for Bovine Dermatophytosis

A

Spontaneous remission is common

Remove thick crusts

SUNSHINE

Topical tx: Hypochlorite, LSD, betadine, chlorhex

165
Q

Causative agent of herpes mammillitis in cows

A

BHV-2

Direct contact, insect vectors

166
Q

Cow chewing louse

A

Damalina bovis

167
Q

Cow sucking louse

A

Solenopotes capillatus

168
Q

Cow sucking louse

A

Linognathus vituli

169
Q

Cow sucking louse

A

Haematopinus eurysternus

170
Q

Which goat parasite can cause pruritus due to nerve pain

A

Parelaphostrongylus tenius

Neuro exam, CSF
Tx: Fenbendazole

171
Q

Very common cause of pruritus in goats

A

Chorioptes bovis

Also pediculosis

172
Q

Cause of pruritus in this goat

A

Pediculosis

R/o Linognathus stenopsis, Linognathus africanus, Damalinia caprae

173
Q

Goat

A

Linognathus stenopsis, Linognathus africanus

174
Q

Goat

A

Damalina caprae

175
Q

Treatment for contagous pustular dermatitis, Orf in goats

A

Self resolves

Treat 2’ infections
Vaccine?

Parapox virus

176
Q

Itchy mite in pigs

A

Sarcoptes scabiei var suis

177
Q

Treatment of dry, flaky pig skin

A

Humidifier
Topical moisturizer

178
Q

Treatment sarcoptes scabiei var suis in pigs

A

Ivermectin PO/SC/IM

179
Q

Idiopathic swine hyperkeratosis is most common in type of husbandry situation

A

House pigs

Limited access to roll/scratch outside

Hyperkeratotic skin on dorsum
Treatment = moisturizing agents, or ignore it

180
Q

What organism is super common in pig facial folds and ears without causing disease

A

Malassezia

Treat only if clinical

181
Q

Which pigs are predisposed to SCC

A

Pink pigs kept outside

Try sunscreen

182
Q

If you see a camelid on the boards exam, your answer should be _____

A

Chorioptes bovis

183
Q

Most common cause of pruritus in alpacas

A

Chorioptes bovis

184
Q

Body locations affected by Chorioptes bovis

A

Ventrum, perineum, feet, thighs

185
Q

Bacteria that can cause pododermatitis in camelids

A

Staphylococcus
Trueperella
Fusobacterium

186
Q

Munge is ______

A

Idiopathic nasal hyperkeratotic dermatosis in camelids

187
Q

Treatment of Idiopathic nasal hyperkeratotic dermatosis in camelids

A

Topical GC + antimicrobials

188
Q

Vector for Warbles

A

Hypoderma bovis
Hypoderma lineatum

189
Q

Vector for myiasis

A

Lucilia
Calliphora
Phormia

= Blow flies

190
Q

Vector for Stephanofilariasis

A

Haematobia irritans (horn fly)

191
Q

How to avoid Haematobia irritans

A

Remove COW manure

192
Q

Vector for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A

Horn flies
Haematobia irritans

193
Q

Vector for EHV aural Plaques

A

Simulium (Black flies)
Stomoxys calcitrans (Stable flies)

194
Q

Where do black flies like to lay their eggs

A

Running water

195
Q

Vector for Habronema

A

Majus = stable fly
Muscae = House fly

196
Q

T or F: EM can look like hives in horses

A

True!

If hives don’t go away, biopsy to r/o EM

197
Q

Equine breed overrepresented for pemphigus foliaceus

A

Appaloosas, usually young

Young horses have better response w/no relapse

198
Q

Which plant is linked to Systemic granulomatous disease (sarcoidosis) in horses, cattle

A

Hairy Vetch

Abnormal host response to antigens

Thoroughbreds predisposed

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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