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EV ACVD Study > Hair Follicle, Cycle > Flashcards

Hair Follicle, Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of follicular atrophy (4)

A

1) Hormonal dermatosis
2) Follicular dysplasia + ischemia
3) Scarring alopecia
4) Traction alopecia

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2
Q

Type of keratinization in the isthmus

A

Tricholemmal

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3
Q

Type of granules in the infundibulum

A

Keratohyaline

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4
Q

Type of granules in the inferior portion

A

Trichohyaline

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5
Q

Type of granules in the isthmus

A

NO GRANULES in isthmus

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6
Q

What is the difference between a flame figure and flame follicle?

A

Flame FIGURE: eosinophilic granules adhered to collagen. Cats with ECG, insect bite, MCT

Flame FOLLICLE: Excessive tricholemmal keratinization. Hair cycle arrest, Pomeranians/nordic breeds

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7
Q

Which animals develop all hair follicles AFTER birth?

A

Marsupials

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8
Q

Which animals develop secondary hair follicles after birth?

A

Dogs
(Gain an adult coat, don’t “lose” a puppy coat)
-Secondary coat develops in 3-7 months post birth

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9
Q

What is the cellular origin of the sebaceous glands?

A

Ectoderm, hair follicle stem cells
(hair follicle + apocrine glands too)

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10
Q

What is the origin of the connective tissue sheath?

A

Mesoderm
(also dermal papilla)

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11
Q

Which are the first hair follicles to develop on the body?

A

Sinus hairs

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12
Q

Where are sinus hairs location on the body?

A

Chin, eyebrows, upper lips, palmar carpus

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13
Q

Do hairs first develop on the head or the tail?

A

Head and move caudally

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14
Q

Which signal is most important for initiating epithelial placode development?

A

Wnt

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15
Q

What does the epithelial placode develop into?

A

Hair peg

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16
Q

What does the mesenchymal condensation of the epithelial placode develop into?

A

Dermal papilla

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17
Q

Which signaling molecule is responsible for hair follicle elongation and dermal papilla development?

A

Shh

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18
Q

As the hair peg elongates and widens, what does the deepest part become?

A

Bulb -> hair follicle matrix

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19
Q

What is the significance of the 3 bulges on the outer root sheath?

A

Attachment of:
Superficial
1) Epitrichial sweat gland
2) Sebaceous gland
3) Arrector pili muscle
Deep

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20
Q

Which gene is responsible for nonrandom, symmetrical distribution of follicles?

A

HOX

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21
Q

Which gene is responsible for hair length?

A

FGF5

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22
Q

Which gene is responsible for hair curl?

A

Keratin-71

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23
Q

Which gene is responsible for hair size/texture?

A

R-spondin 2

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24
Q

What is the “master switch” of hair follicle formation? Required for induction and placode development?

A

Wnt

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25
Q

Which cell releases Wnt, to allow hair follicle development to initiate?

A

Epidermal cells

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26
Q

Which cell signals are needed to induce anagen in adult follicles?

A

Wnt, Shh, BMP antagonists (noggin), KGF

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27
Q

Which cell signal inhibits anagen in adult follicles?

A

BMP

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28
Q

Which cell signal is constantly activated in pilomatricomas and trichofolliculomas?

A

B-catenin (downstream from Wnt)

-Interacts with Lef-1 transcription factor in nucleus

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29
Q

Which cell signal is essential for dermal papilla formation?

A

Shh

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30
Q

Which cell signal is responsible for elongation of the hair germ?

A

Shh

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31
Q

Does Shh induce anagen or telogen in adult hair follicles?

A

Anagen

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32
Q

Which cells release Shh

A

Hair germ cells AND dermal papilla

-Autocrine and paracrine functions

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33
Q

Which cell signal inhibits follicle and placode development

A

BMP

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34
Q

Which cell signal induces catagen in mature follicles (4)

A

BMP
TGFα
EGF
FGF5
(+ vitamin D receptor activity)

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35
Q

Which cell signal is essential for the differentiation of the inner root sheath and hair shaft?

A

BMP (and Wnt)

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36
Q

Which portion of the hair is most responsible for follicle structure/shape?

A

Inner root sheath

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37
Q

Which cell signal maintains hairs in telogen (inhibiting anagen)?

A

BMP

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38
Q

2 major roles of BMP in hair follicle development?

A

1) Differentiation of IRS and hair shaft
2) Induce catagens, maintains telogen, inhibits anagen

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39
Q

What is a BMP antagonist?

A

Noggin

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40
Q

Is Noggin an anagen inducer or inhibitor?

A

Induces

inhibits BMP, which is an anagen inhibitor

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41
Q

Which transcription factor does Noggin interact with to induce anagen?

A

Lef-1

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42
Q

Role of TGFα in the hair cycle?

A

Induces catagen

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43
Q

Role of FGF5 in the hair cycle?

A

Induces catagen

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44
Q

A deficiency of _____ results in angora hair (long anagen)?

A

FGF5

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45
Q

Which signal promotes hair follicle development at the placode level, and is associated with X-linked ectodermal dysplasia?

A

EDA/EDAR

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46
Q

What are 3 types of cells that live in a hair bulb?

A

Matrix cells, melanocytes, ORS cells

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47
Q

What phase of the hair cycle would you find a “club” hair?

A

Catagen or telogen

Fully keratinized

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48
Q

What is the mesodermal signaling center of the hair follicle?

A

Dermal papilla

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49
Q

What are the 3 layers of the inner root sheath (from hair shaft to ORS)?

A

Cuticle, Huxley, Henle

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50
Q

Which hairs do NOT have epitrichial sweat glands?

A

Secondary hairs

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51
Q

Which animals have NONmedullated hairs?

A

Sheep wool, angora goats, Sphynx cats

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52
Q

What are lanugo hairs?

A

Prenatal hairs

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53
Q

Simple or compound hairs: rabbit

A

Compound

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54
Q

Simple or compound hairs: mice

A

Simple

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55
Q

Simple or compound hairs: cats

A

Compound

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56
Q

Simple or compound hairs: sheep

A

Compound

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57
Q

Simple or compound hairs: goats

A

Compound

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58
Q

Simple or compound hairs: pigs

A

Simple

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59
Q

Simple or compound hairs: cows

A

Simple

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60
Q

How long after birth does secondary follicles develop in dogs?

A

3-7 months

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61
Q

What are the 2 types of tactile hairs in mammals?

A

1) Sinus hairs
2) Tylotrich hairs

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62
Q

What is a “sinus pad”?

A

Thickened cushion of mesenchymal projections ito the nontrabecular sinus of vibrissae

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63
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

Near sinus hairs

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64
Q

What kind of mechanoreceptors are sinus hairs?

A

Slow adapting mechnoreceptors

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65
Q

Where are tylotrich hairs on the body?

A

Scattered throughout

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66
Q

Where is the neurovascular tissue on a tylotrich hair?

A

Level of sebaceous gland (junction of infundibulum/isthmus)

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67
Q

What are “tylotrich pads”?

A

Thickened epidermis over connective tissue that contains a high concentration of vessels and nerves

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68
Q

What kind of mechnoreceptors are tylotrich hairs?

A

Fast acting mechanoreceptors

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69
Q

What type of collagen makes up the fibrous connective tissue sheath?

A

Type III collagen

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70
Q

Where is the ORS glycogenated?

A

Inferior portion + lower isthmus

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71
Q

Where do keratinocyte and melanocyte stem cells live in the hair?

A

Near the bulge under the arrector pili muscle in the isthmus
(in dogs, more spread throughout isthmus)
-Also melanocyte SC also in ORS

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72
Q

What is the equivalent of the BMZ on the hair follicle?

A

Glassy membrane

Outside of the ORS, inside the fibrous connective tissue sheath

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73
Q

Which dogs have mineralization of the glassy membrane?

A

Toy poodles
Bedlington terriers
*Aging dogs

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74
Q

In which phase of the hair cycle is the IRS gone?

A

Telogen

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75
Q

Which is the first layer of the IRS to keratinize?

A

Henle layer

76
Q

At what point in the hair follicle does the Huxley layer keratinize?

A

Adamson’s fringe

77
Q

How deep into the hair follicle can dermatophytes infect?

A

Adamson’s fringe in the deeper isthmus
Dermatophytes can only infect fully keratinized tissues

78
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Adamson’s fringe?

A

Point where Huxley layer begins keratinization
–> as deep as dermatophytes can infect
–> need fully keratinized tissue to infect

79
Q

What keratinizes first: hair shaft vs IRS?

A

IRS

This is how the IRS can mold the hair

80
Q

Where is most of the melanin pigment in the hair, to dictate hair color?

A

Cortex

81
Q

Other than the IRS in the inferior portion, where else in the hair follicle is there trichohyaline granules?

A

Medulla

82
Q

What happens to melanocytes during catagen?

A

1) Apoptosis
2) Scattered to dermal papilla

83
Q

What protects hair from reactive oxygen species? Esp highly metabolically active matrical cells in the bulb?

A

Melanin!
Free radical scavanger!

84
Q

When are melanocytes producing melanin?

A

Anagen only
Apoptosis/flee to dermal papilla during catagen

85
Q

Where can you find melanocyte stem cells?

A

Bulge
ORS

86
Q

2 theories on greying:

A

1) Depletion of melanocyte stem cell reservoir
2) Damage to pigmentary unit via ROS

87
Q

What is the wild type hair color in dogs?

A

Agouti (light tip, pigmented body, yellow/red base)

88
Q

What is the wild type hair color in cats?

A

Tabby/agouti (black tip, yellow banding in body, blue base

89
Q

What does color dilution alopecia look like in the hair shaft?

A

Large, irregular melanin granule clumps –> fracutres hair shafts

90
Q

What condition causes pointed coats in cats?

A

Acromelanism

91
Q

In cats with acromelanism, what temperature produces DARKER hair colors?

A

Cooler areas

92
Q

How does hair cycling occur in rodents? Mosaic vs synchronized waves?

A

Synchronized

93
Q

How does hair cycling occur in rabbits? Mosaic vs synchronized waves?

A

Synchronized

94
Q

How does hair cycling occur in guinea pigs? Mosaic vs synchronized waves?

A

Mosaic!

95
Q

Where does synchronized hair cycling begin on the body?

A

Front legs –> progresses dorsally and caudally

96
Q

What determines length of hair coat?

A

Time spent in anagen

97
Q

How does IGF-1 relate to the hair cycle?

A

Potent anagen stimulator

98
Q

How does vitamin D receptor relate to the hair cycle?

A

Increased vitamin D receptor activity INDUCES catagen

99
Q

What is more important on hair cycle: photoperiod vs temperature?

A

Photoperiod

100
Q

During which season does hair growth INCREASE?

A

Summer

(in summer, less melatonin, so less prolactin, so anagen continues)

101
Q

During which season does hair growth DECREASE?

A

Winter

(In winter, more melatonin, so more prolactin, so catagen is induced)

102
Q

During which seasons does shedding occur?

A

Spring, Fall

103
Q

What season is associated with seasonal alopecia in ferrets?

A

Spring
“Spring molt”

104
Q

What happens to melatonin production in long photoperiods?

A

Long photoperiods cause DECREASED melatonin production

105
Q

How does melatonin affect prolactin?

A

melatonin INCREASES prolactin levels

106
Q

How does prolactin affect the hair cycle in most species?

A

Induces catagen
Inhibits hair shaft elongation

107
Q

In cashmere goats, how does prolactin affect the hair cycle?

A

Induces anagen

108
Q

How does melatonin influence estrogen receptor expression (and apoptosis) in hair follicles?

A

Downregulates estrogen receptor expression and apoptosis
(Negative feedback loop with prolactin??)

109
Q

How is melatonin protective to the hair follicle?

A

Free radical scavenger
DNA repair inducer

(protects from metabolically active anagen bulb)

110
Q

T or F: Melanonin interacts with sex hormone concentrations, which can affect hair cycling?

A

True

111
Q

How does thyroxine affect the hair cycle?

A

Stimulates anagen
Stimulates stem cell differentiation

112
Q

How do T3 and T4 affect melanin?

A

Increase melanogenesis in the follicles

113
Q

How does T3 and T4 affect keratinocyte apoptosis?

A

Inhibits apoptosis –> inhibits catagen

114
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect the hair cycle? (3)

A

1) Suppress anagen
2) Induce catagen (mice)
3) Reduced synthesis of hyaluronans and proteoglucans needed for follicular function

115
Q

Which receptors does progesterone interact with?

A

1) Binds to glucocorticoid receptor (suppress anagen)
2) Cross reacts with testosterone receptor ( no effect in dogs)

116
Q

How do estrogens affect the hair cycle?

A

1) Shorten anagen
2) Induce catagen
3) Lengthen telogen
4) Stimulates BMP expression (which inhibits anagen)

(Has the OPPOSITE effect in people, dif receptor expression?)

117
Q

How does estrogen interact with BMP?

A

Estrogen upregulates BMP expression (which inhibits anagen)

118
Q

How do androgens affect the hair cycle?

A

Humans: promote growth everywhere except eyelashes and scalp. On scalp –> high androgens miniaturize hairs & shorten androgen. Act on dermal papilla. On eyelashes –> no effect

Dogs: minimal effect

119
Q

How does spaying/neutering affect the hair cycle?

A

Affects 20% of animals, unknown mechanism

Woolly coat: increased undercoat, increased curl, dulling of coat

120
Q

Which type of immune cells live in hair follicles? Where?

A

Langerhans cells
Upper portion of ORS (isthmus, infundibulum)

Acts as a reserve for epidermis

121
Q

Which immune cells are present in the lower hair follicle?

A

None

Immune privileged area

122
Q

Which 2 regions of the hair follicle have primary immune privilege?

A

1) Bulge/ORS stem cells
2) Anagen bulb

123
Q

What is absent in areas with immune privilege?

A

No MHC class I expression
*Melanocytes downregulate MHC class I expression
*β-2 microglobulin downregulated (which usually stabilizes MHC class I)
*Increased CD200 expression –> “no danger” signal

124
Q

How does β-2 microglobulin affect immune privilege?

A

Downregulated in immune privileged sites

Normally, it works to stabilize MHC class I

125
Q

How do melanocytes affect immune privilege?

A

Increased in immune privileged sites

Downregulate MHC class I

126
Q

How does CD200 affect immune privilege?

A

Increased in immune privileged sites

“No danger” signal

127
Q

How does the extracellular matrix affect immune privilege?

A

Increased glycosaminoglycans –> impedes T cell trafficking to the follicle

128
Q

Which immunosuppressive signals are produced by the hair follicle?

A

1) TGF-β2
2) α-MSH

*Impair antigen presentation
*Prevent NK/CD8+ attacks

129
Q

What is the function of TGF-β2 on hair follicle immunity?

A

-Impair antigen presentation
-Prevent NK/CD8+ attacks

130
Q

What is the function of α-MSH on hair follicle immunity?

A

-Impair antigen presentation
-Prevent NK/CD8+ attacks

131
Q

What immunosuppressive signals are present to support hair follicle immune privilege (other than TGF-β2, α-MSH)?

A

IL-10
MIF (macrophage migration inhibition factor)

132
Q

What is the result of a collapse in immune privilege?

A

Alopecia areata

133
Q

When does telogen effluvium occur after inciting incident?

A

1-3 months later

134
Q

What causes telogen effluvium?

A

High stress event
-Fever
-Birthing (anagen during prefnancy)
-Severe illness
-Surgery
-Anesthesia
-Drugs (Doxorubricin)

135
Q

What neurotransmitter may be related to telogen effluvium?

A

Substance P

136
Q

What triggers anagen effluvium?

A

Toxins, chemotherapy

137
Q

When does anagen effluvium occur after the inciting incident?

A

Days later

138
Q

What happens to the hair cycle with anagen effluvium?

A

Hair is damaged during anagen phase, but hair growth continues

139
Q

What is a diagnostic test supportive of anagen effluvium?

A

Trichogram: Hair shaft damage

140
Q

Which species have X-linked ectodermal dysplasia?

A

Dogs, cattle, humans

141
Q

What gene is associated with X-linked ectodermal dysplasia?

A

EDA/EDAR

142
Q

What disease is caused by EDA/EDAR mutations?

A

X-linked ectodermal dysplasia

143
Q

Which dog breeds have congenital alopecia that is autosomal dominant? Gene?

A

-Mexican hairless
-Chinese crested

FOX 13

144
Q

Which cat breed has congenital alopecia that is autosomal recessive? Gene?

A

Sphynx

Keratin 71 (IRS)

145
Q

In addition to alopecia, which other changes can be seen with ectodermal dysplasia?

A

-Dentition
-Claws
-Eptrichial/atrichia sweat glands
-Lacrimal glands
-Sebaceous glands
-Bronchial glands

*Decreased glandular secretions lead to difficulty thermoregulating, corneal abnormalities, respiratory illness

146
Q

Which species have black hair follicular dysplasia?

A

Dogs, cows

147
Q

What causes black hair follicular dysplasia?

A

Disorder of melanosome transfer, migration
–> disorderly proliferation of hair matrix cells

148
Q

What is the age of onset for black hair follicular dysplasia?

A

By 4 weeks old

149
Q

Which species have color dilution alopecia?

A

Dogs, cats

150
Q

What causes color dilution alopecia?

A

Irregular melanin transfer/storage –> macromelanosomes –> hair loss due to hair fracture

151
Q

What is the age of onset for color dilution alopecia?

A

Gradual onset, by 3 years old

152
Q

What causes follicular lipidosis?

A

Lipid accumulation in the matrical keratinocytes of anagen bulb

153
Q

Which breed gets follicular lipidosis?

A

Rottweiler
On MAHOGANY points of face, paws

154
Q

Age of onset of follicular lipidosis

A

< 1 year old

155
Q

Histopath change from pattern baldness?

A

Hair follicle miniaturization in affected areas

156
Q

Which breeds have Alopecia X?

A

Plush coated dogs –pomeranians; poodles; schipperke

157
Q

Which breed gets spiculosis?

A

MALE kerry blue terriers

158
Q

Which sex gets spiculosis?

A

Male kerry blue terriers

159
Q

Clinical sign of spiculosis

A

Hard, brittle follicular spicules. Follicular hyperkeratosis. Pruritic/painful

160
Q

Clinical signs of pili torti

A

Secondary hairs are flattened/rotated

161
Q

Clinical sign of hair shaft disorder of Abyssinian cats

A

Onion-shaped swelling at tip of WHISKERS and PRIMARY HAIRS

*hairs fracture easily
*coat appears rough, lusterless

162
Q

Trichorrhexis nodosa cause

A

Fractured nodes within hair shaft
External insult, damage to cuticle

163
Q

Trichoptilosis cause

A

Split ends
External insult, damage to cuticle

164
Q

Medullary trichomalacia cause

A

Longitudinal splitting of hairs
External insult, damage to cuticle

GSDs

165
Q

What happens if beta-catenin (and Lef-1) are constantly activated?

A

Pilomatricomas and Trichofolliculomas

166
Q

Target of alopecia areata

A

Trichohyaline granules
(only present in inferior hair, bulb IRS)

167
Q

Which type of antibodies are present in alopecia areata

A

IgG

168
Q

Cell signals that induce alopecia areata

A

IFN gamma, Substance P

169
Q

Type of immune cell in alopecia areata

A

CD8+ T cells in bulb

170
Q

Which part of the body is affected by alopecia areata

A

Face

171
Q

Breeds predisposed to alopecia areata (dog, horse, cow)

A

Dog: GSD, Dachshund, Beagle
Horse: Appaloosa
Cow: Eringer

172
Q

Trichogram finding with alopecia areata

A

Exclamation point hairs
(Stubby, with frayed, fractured, tapered ends)

173
Q

T or F: most dogs with alopecia areata have hair regrowth

A

True

174
Q

Treatment for alopecia areata

A

60% have spontaneous regrowth

Otherwise, glucocorticoids, cyclosporine

175
Q

Type of inflammation with pseudopalade

A

T cell

176
Q

Location on hair follicle affected by pseudopalade

A

Mid-isthmus, near the bulge

177
Q

T or F: most dogs with pseudopalade have hair regrowth

A

False

Affects stem cell niche in the bulge

178
Q

Species affected by pseudopalade

A

Dogs, cats

179
Q

Location on body affected by pseudopalade

A

Spares head/neck
(opposite of alopecia areata)

180
Q

Histopath findings with cyclic flank alopecia

A

Infundibular hyperkeratosis
Base of follicles has misshapen bulbs –> “Witches foot”

181
Q

Gene for color dilution alopecia

A

MLPH

182
Q

Breed that develops trichorrhexis nodosa

A

Golden retrievers

183
Q

Medication that can cause trichorrhexis nodosa

A

Amitriptyline

184
Q

Sex overrepresented in degenerative mucinotic mural folliculitis (cat)

A

Males

185
Q

Infection associated with degenerative mucinotic mural folliculitis (cat)

A

FIV+

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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