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EV ACVD Study > Adnexa > Flashcards

Adnexa Flashcards

1
Q

What side of primary hairs do adnexa develop?

A

Cranial

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2
Q

What side of secondary hairs do adnexa develop?

A

Caudal

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3
Q

Which mammals do NOT have sebaceous glands?

A

Whales, porpoises

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4
Q

Where on the body are sebaceous glands absent?

A

Paw pad
Nasal planum

(no hairs to empty into)

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5
Q

Where on the body are sebaceous glands most prominant?

A

1) Mucocutaneous junctions
2) Interdigital spaces

Horse: Coronet, dorsal rump, mane

Carnivores: chin (submental gland), dorsal tail (supracaudal tail gland)

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6
Q

Hyperplasia of ___ results in stud tail in dogs, cats

A

Sebaceous glands

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7
Q

Secretion mechanism of sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine (cell surface ruptures, leaks material out)

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8
Q

Where do sebaceous glands release their material?

A

Infundibulum of hair

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9
Q

Where are the reserve cells for sebaceous glands?

A

Their basement membrane –> lipidize as they mature –>disintegrate to release sebum

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10
Q

Which receptors do sebocytes have to collect lipid from circulation?

A

LDL receptor
FATP4 receptor

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11
Q

What controls sebaceous secretion?

A

Hormones

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12
Q

Hypertrophy or Involution: androgens

A

Hypertrophy

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13
Q

Hypertrophy or Involution: estrogens

A

Involution

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14
Q

Hypertrophy or Involution: glucocorticoids

A

Involution

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15
Q

Hypertrophy or Involution: retinoids

A

Involution – reduce sebum production

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16
Q

What are the contents of sebum?

A

-Triglycerides
-Wax esters
-Squalene
-Cholesterol
-Cholesterol esters

*Lactones in horses ONLY

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17
Q

Which product is ONLY in the sebum of horses?

A

Lactones

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18
Q

Which resident skin bacteria produce lipase, to mix with sebum and produce antimicrobial free fatty acids?

A

Proprionibacterium
Staphylococcus sp

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19
Q

Why are Prioprionibacterium and Staphylococcus resident skin bacteria helpful with regards to sebum?

A

Produce lipase, which mixes with sebum to produce antimicrobial free fatty acids

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20
Q

Why are ferrets greasy with a musky odor?

A

Increased sebaceous gland activity

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21
Q

What type of immune cell is primarily implicated in sebaceous adenitis?

A

T cells

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22
Q

Breeds with known autosomal recessive inheritance of sebaceous adenitis (2)

A

Akita
Poodle

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23
Q

Other breeds predisposed to sebaceous adenitis (not akita, poodle)

A

Havanese
Lhasa apso
Chow chow
Springer Spaniels

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24
Q

Species with sebaceous adenitis

A

Dogs
Humans
Rabbits
Cats
Horses

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25
Q

Other diseases that can be associated with sebaceous adenitis

A

Leishmania
Hypothyroidism

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26
Q

Initial signs of sebaceous adenitis in long-coated dogs

A

Change in hair color
Change in hair texture from curly to straight

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27
Q

Where on the body does sebaceous adenitis begin

A

Head, cervical region, pinnae

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28
Q

Medication for sebaceous adenitis that can reverse histopath changes

A

Cyclosporine

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29
Q

Non-cyclosporine treatment options for sebaceous adenitis

A

-Fatty acids
-Systemic retinoids
-Vitamin A
-Doxy/niacinamide
-Topicals (keratolytic shampoo, emollient spot ons)

30
Q

Type of secretion of epitrichial sweat glands

A

MEROCRINE
NOT apocrine

31
Q

Where on the body are there LARGER epitrichial sweat glands?

A

Glaborous skin

32
Q

Are epitrichial sweat glands located more deep or superficial to sebaceous glands?

A

Deeper
BUT orifice is more superficial

33
Q

Areas on the body where epitrichial sweat glands largest/most numerous

A

Similar to sebaceous glands
1) Mucocutaneous junctions
2) Interdigital spaces
3) Dorsal neck
4) Rump

Horses: MC junctions, chin, mane, coronet

34
Q

ONLY place with epitrichial sweat glands in rabbits

A

Lips

35
Q

Animals that LACK epitrichial sweat glands

A

Rodents, ferrets

36
Q

Season with largest volume of epitrichial sweat glands in thoroughbreds

A

Summer

37
Q

Water channel in horses in epitrichial sweat glands, facilitates rapid movement of fluid while sweating

A

Aquaporin-5

38
Q

What cells surround epitrichial cells

A

Myoepithelial cells

39
Q

What makes myoepithelial cells in horses unique?

A

Myoepithelial cells surrounding epitrichial sweat gland is in a loose basket-weave form with a rich surrounding blood supply

40
Q

T or F: epitrichial sweat glands are directly innervated

A

False

41
Q

Control of epitrichial sweat glands

A

Neural (MAIN!): adrenergic agonists

Horses: Autonomic (Main!), but humoral control w/adrenergic agonists from adrenal medulla during exercise

42
Q

What can cause equine epitrichial sweat glands to become refractory?

A

Continued stimulation

43
Q

Triggers for epitrichial sweat glands in dogs, cats

A

Unknown

44
Q

Triggers for epitrichial sweat glands in horses

A

-Fever
-Exercise
-Heat
-Pain
-Hypoglycemia
-Hyperadenocorticism
-Catecholamine release (excitement, stress, pheochromocytoma)

45
Q

Contents of epitrichial sweat secretions

A

-Antimicrobial salts
-Pheromones
-IgA

Horses: protein –> Latherins

46
Q

Anhidoris = ___

A

Inability to sweat

47
Q

Cause of death from anhidrosis

A

Hyperthermia

48
Q

Geographic location for anhidrosis

A

Gulf coast USA
Hot, humid climates

49
Q

Breeds prediposed to anhidrosis

A

Thoroughbreds, warmbloods

50
Q

Cause of anhidrosis

A

Continuously high levels of epinephrine –> desensitization, downregulation of aquaporin 5 –> degeneration of secretory cells

51
Q

Antibiotics that can induce anhidrosis in foals

A

Macrolide (erythromycin)
Rhodococcus equi infections

52
Q

Initial clinical signs of anhidrosis

A

Patchy/inadequate sweat response
Takes longer to cool down after exercise

53
Q

Chronic clinical signs of anhidrosis

A

Dry coat, scale, partial alopecia of face/neck

54
Q

Acute anhidrosis result

A

Collapse, death

55
Q

Diagnosis of anhidrosis

A

Intradermal test with epinephrine, terbutaline, β-2 agonists

Should sweat within a few mins at all concentrations, but with anhidrosis, delayed sweating after 5+ hours at only most concentrated sites

56
Q

Treatment of anhidrosis

A

Move to a dry, cooler climate

57
Q

Time to recovery for anhidrosis

A

4-6 weeks

58
Q

Location of eccrine/atrichial sweat glands

A

Paw pads (carnivores, rats, mice, hamsters)
Frog (ungulates)
Snout, medial carpus (pigs)
Nasal planum (cattle)

59
Q

Location of eccrine sweat glands in horses

A

Do NOT have eccrine sweat glands

60
Q

Where is the orifice for eccrine/atrichial sweat glands

A

Directly onto surface of skin

61
Q

Trigger for atrichial sweating

A

Agitation, excitement

62
Q

Breeds with highest concentrations of ceruminous glands

A

Cocker spaniel
English spaniel
Labrador retreiver

63
Q

Breeds with lowest concentration of sweat glands

A

Greyhounds

64
Q

Which breed develops ceruminous gland hyperplasia and ectasia with end stage otitis

A

Cocker spaniel

(other breeds get fibrosis instead)

65
Q

T or F: normal cocker spaniels with no hx otitis can have ceruminous gland hyperplasia and ectrasia

A

T

(+87% of those w/hx otitis)

66
Q

Which glands line the anal sacs?

A

Sebaceous glands
Epitrichial sweat glands

67
Q

Modified sebaceous glands on the dorsal/ventral tail, around prepuce/mammary glands, caudal hindlimbs, dorsal midline

A

Perianal glands

68
Q

What controls perianal glands

A

Androgens

69
Q

How does the arrector pili muscle attach to the follicular epithelium

A

elastic fibers

70
Q

How does the arrector pili muscle attach to the extracellular matrix in the dermis

A

Integrins

71
Q

Where are arrector pili muscles the largest

A

Dorsal neck, rump

72
Q

What controls contraction of arrector pili muscles

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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