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EV ACVD Study > Cytokines, immunology > Flashcards

Cytokines, immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Type 1 Cytokines

A

IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α

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2
Q

Type 2 Cytokines

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-31

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3
Q

Type 17 Cytokines

A

IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, (IL-6, TNF-α)

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4
Q

Main pathogens fought by Th1

A

Viruses, intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi)

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5
Q

Main pathogens fought by Th2

A

Multicellular Parasites, allergies, venoms

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6
Q

Main pathogens fought by Th17

A

Inflammation, extracellular pathogens (bacteria, fungi)
Activate neutrophils to throw NETosis

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7
Q

Cytokines to induce Th17

A

IL-23!!, TGF-β, IL-6

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8
Q

Cytokines to induce Th1

A

IL-12, IFN-γ

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9
Q

Cytokines to induce Th2

A

IL-4

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10
Q

Cytokines to induce TReg

A

TGF-β, IL-2

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11
Q

Cytokines to induce Th9

A

TGF-β, IL-4

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12
Q

IL-4 is produced by ____:

A

Th2 cells
Mast cells
Basophils

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13
Q

IL-4 induced conversion of Th0 to _____:

A

Th2 cells

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14
Q

IL-4’s role on Th1 cells

A

Suppression of Th1
(reduction of IL-2, IFN-γ)

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15
Q

IL-4’s role on Th17 cells

A

Suppression of Th17

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16
Q

IL-4’s role on B cells

A

Stimulates B cells to make IgG, IgE, MHC class II

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17
Q

IL-4’s role on macrophages

A

Activates macrophages

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18
Q

IL-4’s role on ILC2 cells

A

Activates ILC2 cells
Upregulates:
-IL-5
-IL-9
-IL-13
-CCL11 (eotaxin)

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19
Q

Main stimulator of eosinophils

A

IL-5

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20
Q

Cellular producers of IL-5

A

Th2 cells, mast cells, eosinophils

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21
Q

Cellular producers of IL-9

A

Th2 cells that are activated by IL-2, ILC2 cells, mucosal mast cells

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22
Q

Function of IL-9

A

-Promotes growth of helper T cells, mast cells
-Potentiates effect of IL-4 on IgE production

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23
Q

Cellular producers of IL-13

A

Th2, ILC2, Tfh13, NK, mast, DC2 cells

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24
Q

Functions of IL-13

A

Promotes Th2 response, suppresses Th1 and Th17 responses (similar to IL-4), activates eosinophils

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25
Q

Major cytokines produced by damaged epithelial cells or PAMPs on epithelial cells for Th2 response

A

-IL-25
-IL33
-TSLP

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26
Q

Cytokines that activate ILC2 cells

A

-IL-25
-IL33
-TSLP

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27
Q

Cytokines produced by ILC2 cells

A

IL-9 (mast cells, basophils)
IL-5 (eosinophil activation, recruitment)
IL-13 + IL-4 (B- cell production of Igs)

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28
Q

Which cytokine induces the IgM-IgG1-IgE pathway, where somatic mutation and selection occur to make high affinity IgE?

A

IL-13
(IL-4 alone induces IgM-IgE directly, which is lower affinity IgE)

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29
Q

What is present in Mast Cell granules?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Serotonin
  3. Dopamine
  4. Kallikreins
  5. Proteases (tryptase, chymase)
  6. Proteoglycans (heparin, chondroitin sulfate)
  7. Neuropeptides
  8. Stored cytokines
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30
Q

What is synthesized by mast cells once activated?

A
  1. Leukotrienes
  2. Prostaglandins
  3. Platelet activating factor
  4. IL-1
  5. IL-3
  6. IL-4
  7. IL-5
  8. IL-6
  9. IL-9
  10. IL-13
  11. TNF-alpha
  12. TGF-beta
  13. SCF
  14. Chemokines
  15. Growth factors
  16. Neuropeptides
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31
Q

MHC for viral recognition

A

MHC class I

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32
Q

MHC expressed by infected cells

A

MHC class I

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33
Q

MHC for bacterial and allergen recognition

A

MHC class II

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34
Q

MHC expressed by dendritic cells

A

MHC class II

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35
Q

3 signals needed for naive T helper cells differentiation

A

1) MHC to TCR binding
2) Cell-Cell adhesion molecules (strong bond)
3) DC cytokines (ie IL-12 induces Th1)

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36
Q

Which cytokine is definitive for the Th1 response type?

A

IFN-gamma

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37
Q

Role of IFN gamma (type 2 interferon)

A

1) Activates M1, more MHC expressed on DC1s
2) Stimulates endothelial, keratinocytes, fibroblasts to secrete proinflammatory cytokines
3) Synergizes with TNF-alpha
JAK-1 dependent

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38
Q

Which cytokines are definitive of a Th2 response type?

A

IL-4, IL-13

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39
Q

Where is IL-4 produced? What’s its role?

A

Lymphoid organs, IgE production

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40
Q

Where is IL-13 produced? Whats its role?

A

Peripheral tissues, local allergic reactions

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41
Q

When are Th17 strongly produced?

A

Chronic inflammation

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42
Q

What is the function of Th17?

A

Trigger inflammation
B cell helpers
POTENT – need to balance Th17 with Treg

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43
Q

What makes ILC2 different from Th2?

A

Same cytokines, but ILC2 is present under body surfaces, not in lymphoid organs

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44
Q

Which cytokine does Th1 NEED for proliferation?

A

IL-2

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45
Q

Which cytokines do Th2 use for proliferation?

A

IL-2 OR IL-4 OR IL-1
(Does not depend on IL-2 like Th1 does)

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46
Q

Which hormones induce a Th2 response?

A

Low dose GCs
Beta agonists (catecholamines, bronchodilators)

**Also NaCl (activates NFAT5, higher Na in atopic skin than healthy skin, NaCl affects microbiome)

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47
Q

Which hormones induce a Th1 response?

A

Testosterone

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48
Q

Which hormones induce low Th1 and Th2 responses?

A

High dose GCs, estrogen, progestin

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49
Q

Which type of T cell lives in the lymph nodes and helps regulate B cell antibody production (crucial for high affinity IgE production and acute anaphylaxis)?

A

Follicular helper T cells

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50
Q

Which cytokine stimulates Tfh cells to help make high affinity IgE?

A

IL-13

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51
Q

T or F: Are IgE easily destroyed by heat?

A

True

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52
Q

SCF is produced by _____:

A

-Fibroblasts
-Endothelial cells

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53
Q

Role of SCF

A

Activates Mast cells, Mast cell survival signal, regulates IgE production

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54
Q

What does SCF bind to on mast cells?

A

KIT surface receptor

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55
Q

What are the 3 types of granules in eosinophils?

A

1) Crystalloid granules, large/ specific
2) Primary granules, small
3) Dense vesicles, small

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56
Q

What is inside the crystalloid granule CORE of eosinophils?

A

-Major basic protein
-Eosinophil peroxidase

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57
Q

What is inside the crystalloid granule MATRIX of eosinophils?

A

-Eosinophil cationic protein
-Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

(both are ribonucleases)

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58
Q

Which animals do NOT have crystalloid granule cores?

A

Cows, mink

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59
Q

What is the role of major basic protein (MBP)?

A

1) Disrupts plasma membranes of nearby cells
2) Stimulates histamine release from MCs, basophils
3) Activates neutrophils, platelets
4) Stimulates superoxide dismutase from macrophages
5) toxic to bacteria, helminths

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60
Q

What is the most common eosinophil granule protein?

A

Major basic protein (MBP)

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61
Q

Which protein is the reason for eosinophils staining pink?

A

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)

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62
Q

What is the role of eosinophil cationic protein?

A

1) Damage cell membrane
2) mast cell degranulation
3) Kills bacteria, viruses, parasites

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63
Q

What is the role of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin?

A

1) Damages myelinated nerves
2) Chemoattractant for immature DCs

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64
Q

What is the role of eosinophil peroxidase? (EPO)

A

Oxidizing agent; kills ingested bacteria (YES! Eosinophils are APCs, MHC cl II)

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65
Q

Differentials for chronic eosinophilia

A

-FAD
-CAFR
-Parasites
-Adverse drug reaction
-Bronchial asthma
-ECG
-Eosinophilic enteritis
-MCT
-Lymphomas

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66
Q

3 ways mast cells can be triggered to degranulate

A

1) IgE-mediated

2) Non-IgE mediated (LPS, PRRs, Drugs, complement peptides, IgG+antigen, neuropeptides)

3) Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) (Substance P, neurotensin, cathelicidins, beta-defensins, major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase) –> some degranulation, limited cytokine synthesis. SLOWER AND FEWER GRANULES RELEASED

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67
Q

Which cell type is crucial in mast-cell late-phase responses?

A

Th17

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68
Q

True or False: basophils are phagocytic, like eosinophils

A

FALSE. Basophils are NOT phagocytic
(Eos are though!)

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69
Q

Which cell type is more common in reptiles/ turtles than mammals?

A

Neutrophils

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70
Q

What cytokine is the main basophil activator (promotes basophil fate, survival)?

A

IL-3

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71
Q

What are the 2 pathways to degranulation in basophils?

A

1) IgE-mediated
2) TSLP-mediated

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72
Q

What products are released by basophils in IgE-mediated degranulation?

A

-IL-4
-Histamine
-PAF
-Leukotrienes
-Prostaglandins
-Proteases
-Substance P

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73
Q

What products are released by basophils in TSLP-mediated degranulation?

A

-IL-4
-IL-6
-IL13
-Histamine
-Chemokines
-Proteases
-Substance P

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74
Q

What are effects of H1R binding?

A

1) Increased NO –> vasodilation
2) Increased prostaglandins, leaky vessels –> edema, hives, nasal discharge, ocular tears
3) Itch/pain

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75
Q

What are the effects of H2R binding?

A

1) Increased gastric acid
2) Increased vasodilation –> hypotension
3) Increased TLR expression on sentinel cells with H2Rs

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76
Q

What are the effects of H3R binding?

A

1) Appetite regulation
2) Cognition
3) Sleep

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77
Q

What are the effects of H4R binding?

A

1) Hypersensitivity
2) Chemotaxin, cytokine production by MC, Eos, DC, T cells
3) Modulates inflammation and pruritus in allergic disease

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78
Q

Role of Serotonin

A

1) Vasoconstriction –> hypertension
2) Important for acute inflammation in RODENTS
Little effect on vascular permeability

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79
Q

Role of Dopamine

A

1) Decreased lymphocyte proliferation
2) Decreased neutrophil, MC, NK function
3) MAJOR MEDIATOR OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN COWS

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80
Q

Role of GABA

A

Important for allergic asthma

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81
Q

Anaphylotoxins

A

C3a, C5a

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82
Q

Role of C3a, C5a

A

1) Proinflammatory
2) Chemoattractants
3) Vascular dilation, permeability
4) Kill bacteria
5) Smooth muscle contraction
6) Wheal and flare on intradermal rxns
7) Activate platelets, macs, neuts, eos
8) Bind receptors on MC –> degranulation
9) Release IL-6, TNF-alpha from B cells, monocytes
10) Regulate tissue fibrosis

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83
Q

Role of Kinins

A

1) Increased vascular permeability
2) Smooth muscle contraction
3) Pain receptors
4) Activates kallikreins

Ie bradykinin

84
Q

Role of Bradykinin

A

Edema, itch, anaphylaxis

85
Q

Enzyme that turns arachadonic acid to leukotrienes

A

Lipooxygenase

86
Q

Enzyme that turns arachadonic acid to prostaglandins

A

Cyclooxygenases (COX1, COX2)

87
Q

Enzyme that turns cell-membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid

A

Phospholipase A2

88
Q

What is the rate limiting step in steroidogenesis?

A

Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by P450scc (CYP11A1)

89
Q

What is the rate limiting step in eicosinoid synthesis?

A

Phospholipid release to arachidonic acid via Phospholipase A2

90
Q

What is the role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4)?

A

-Neutrophil attractant and activator
-Eosinophil chemotaxis

91
Q

Which cell is the primary producer of leukotriene B4?

A

Mast cells

92
Q

Which cell is the primary producer of leukotrienes C4, D4, E4?

A

Basophils

93
Q

What is the role of leukotrienes C4, D4, E4?

A

-Increased vascular permeability
-Smooth muscle contraction

Release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)

94
Q

Which eicosinoid is a major stimulant of IL-13? Leading to a major inflammation feedback loop

A

LTD4

95
Q

What is the role of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)?

A

More potent than histamine, but lower contraction with longer duration

96
Q

What is the most abundant prostaglandin?

A

PGE2

97
Q

What is the role of PGE2?

A

Regulates immune response, blood pressure, GI

98
Q

What is the role of PGD2?

A

-Receptor in airway epithelium
-Bronchoconstriction
-Coronary + pulmonary vasoconstrictor
-Peripheral vasodilator

99
Q

What is the role of TXA2?

A

Platelet adhesion, made by platelets

100
Q

What is the role of lipoxins?

A

Anti-inflammatory
-slows neutrophil migration

101
Q

What is the role platelet activating factor (PAF)?

A

Mediator of severe anaphylaxis
More potent than histamine

(Bronchoconstrictor, more neutrophil adhesion, aggregates platelets, vascular permeability)

102
Q

Cells that make PAF

A

neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, platelets, endothelial cells

103
Q

3 initiating cytokines, released by innate immune system upon PAMP or PRR activation

A

TNF-alpha
IL-1
IL-6

104
Q

3 cytokines released from epithelial cell damage

A

IL-25
IL-33
TSLP

105
Q

Cells that make TNF-alpha

A

1) Macrophages
2) Monocytes
3) T cells
4) Mast cells

106
Q

Cells activated by TNF-alpha

A

Mast cells
Vascular endothelium
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Fibroblasts

107
Q

Toxic effects of TNF-alpha

A

Kills tumor cells
Septic shock
Sickness behavior
Altered lipid metabolism

108
Q

Cytokines promoted by TNF-alpha secretion

A

IL-1
IL-6
IL-8

109
Q

Results of TNF-alpha induced inflammation

A

-Activates adhesion molecules
-Activates procoagulants
-Induces acute phase proteins
-Increased granuloma formation
-Increased leukocyte migration

110
Q

Cells that make IL-1

A

Macrophages > others

111
Q

If virus is present, which 2 cytokines are released by sentinel cells at the beginning of inflammation?

A

IFN-alpha - from leukocytes, macrophages
IFN-beta- from fibroblasts

112
Q

Role of IL-1

A

-Fibroblast activity, collagen synthesis
-Th2 cytokine production
-Eosinophil, basophil degranulation
-Sickness feeling (fever, hyporexia)
-Cell growth (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, etc)
-Metabolism changes (mobilizes amino acids, acute phase protein synthesis, mucus production)

113
Q

Which cytokine promotes both inflammation and IL-10 production, and a switch from neutrophilic to macrophagic inflammation?

A

IL-6

114
Q

Which cytokine is induced by bacterial endotoxins, IL-1, TNF-alpha?

A

IL-6

115
Q

Which cytokine is the most potent promoter of Th2 responses?

A

IL-33

116
Q

What is the role of TSLP

A

Th2 inflammation at mucosal barriers
Binds to nerves to stimulate itch

117
Q

Which cells are activated by IL-33

A

-B cells (IgE)
-Th2 cells (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13)
-Eosinophils (IL-8, degranulation, activation)
-Basophils (IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, histamine, GM-CSF)
-Mast cells (IL-6, IL-13, Maturation, survival)
-Neurons (itch)
-ILC2 cells (activation, Th2 cytokines, IL-2, IFN gamma, TNF alpha)
DOWNREGULATES filaggrin synthesis

118
Q

Which cells are activated by TSLP

A

LC + DC!!

-Basophils (production, activation)
-Th9 cells (IL-9)
-Mast cells (Th2 cytokines, Th2 cell activation)
-ILC2 cells (Th2 cytokines, Th2 cell activation)
-Th0 cells (differentiate to Th2 or Th17)
-Neurons (itch)
-DC (Th2 cytokines, Th2 cell activation)

(IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 production)

119
Q

Which of the master cytokines released from epithelial cells is responsible for eosinophils recruitment, DC2 and ILC2 activation?

A

IL-25

120
Q

Which cells are activated by IL-25?

A

-Eosinophils
-Th9 cells (IL-9, IL-17)
-Tuft cells (GI hyperplasia)
-ILC2 (Th2 cytokines, cell activation)
-Endothelial cells (angiogenesis)
-Th2 cells (cytokines)
-Epithelial cells (Th2 cytokines, cell activation)

121
Q

Which cell produces IL-9?

A

Th2, Th9 cells

122
Q

What disease is IL-9 associated with?

A

Asthma (AD, contact dermatitis, CAFR)

123
Q

Which cytokine family does TSLP belong to?

A

IL-2

124
Q

Which cytokine family does IL-33 belong to?

A

IL-1

125
Q

Which cytokine family does IL-25 belong to?

A

IL-17

126
Q

What is the purpose of tuft cells?

A

Sense/detect worms in GI

127
Q

Which cytokine is produced by Tuft cells?

A

IL-25 (eos recruitment, DC2/ILC2 activation)

128
Q

What cytokine family does IL-31 belong to?

A

IL-6

129
Q

What is the role of IL-31

A

Itch inducer
Induce Th2 migration and inflammation

130
Q

What is the role of CXCL8?

A

Neutrophil chemoattractant

131
Q

Which cell makes CXCL2?

A

Macrophages

132
Q

Which cells do CXCL2 act on?

A

Neutrophils

133
Q

Which cell does CCL4 attract?

A

CD4 T cells

134
Q

Which cell does CCL2 attract?

A

Monocytes (respiratory burst)

135
Q

Which cells make CCL2?

A

T cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells

136
Q

Which cells do CCL3 attract?

A

B cells, eosinophils, CD8 T cells

137
Q

Which cells do CCL5 attract?

A

Eosinophils + histamine release from basophils

138
Q

What transcription facto binds to aromatic hydrocarbons (diet, environment, microbiotia) to stimulate IL-23 and a Th17 response?

A

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)

Also assocaited with more IL-33, TSLP, artemin binding and allodynia

139
Q

Which type of T-cell response is protective against AD?

A

Th17, protects against overresponse of Th2

140
Q

What is role of Th17

A

-Protect against bacteria at epithelial surface
-Responsible for neutrophilic inflammation in AD dogs

141
Q

Which cytokine is present in chronic AD lesions, and regulates production of antimicorbial peptides?

A

IL-22

142
Q

Which cytokines are elevated in intrinsic AD?

A

IL-33, IL-25, TSLP

LOW LEVELS IL-4, IL-5, IL-13– not IgE mediated

143
Q

Where are gamma delta T cells in the skin?

A

Epidermis

144
Q

Where are alpha beta T cells in the skin?

A

Dermis

145
Q

Role of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta (type 1 inteferons)

A

antiviral state, increased MHC class I expression
NK cell activation

146
Q

IL-6 Role

A

Synthesis of acute phase proteins by liver
Proliferation of plasma cells (Ig)
Elevated in dogs with coccidiomycosis

147
Q

Th9 role

A

Reprogrammed Th2?
Important for FOOD ALLERGY
Produce IL-9, IL-10
Perpetuates chronic inflammation in allergy

148
Q

Th22 role

A

Epidermal immunity
Infiltrate epidermis in inflammatory diseases (ie contribute to epidermal hyperplasia in chronic AD dogs, limit staph growth)

149
Q

What cytokines do Tfh2 cells make?

A

IL-4, IL-6, IL-22 to increase IgE

150
Q

Role of DC1

A

-Anti-tumor responses
-Present endogenous antigens from tumors via MHC class I to CD8 T cells
-Activate Th1

151
Q

DC1 produce which cytokines

A

IL-12
IL-1 alpha
IL-1 beta
IL-6
IL-23

152
Q

Role of DC2

A

Activate Th2 cells

153
Q

Cytokines produced by DC2

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-10

154
Q

Chemokine that moves Langerhans cells to the LN?

A

CCR-7

155
Q

Cytokines/chemokines made by Langerhans cells when stimulated by TSLP

A

Th2, Th22 responses
IL-16
IL-8
MCP/CCL2
TARC/CCL1
(Geared for antigen presentation)

156
Q

Role of IL-8

A

Chemotaxis of neutrophils
Binds to CCR1, CCR2
Endothelial cells, macrophages, mast cells can also respond

157
Q

Role of TARC (thymus and activation regulated chemokine)/CCL17

A

-Biomarker for AD
-Attracts Th2 cells by binding CCR4

158
Q

Role of MDC/CCL22 (monocyte-derived chemokine)

A

Attracts Th2 cells by binding CCR4
Induced by IL-4, IL-13

159
Q

Role of IL-16

A

Chemotactic for CD4+ T cells, activates them

160
Q

Chemokines made by langerhans cells

A

TARC (Th2)
MDC/CCL22 (Th2)
IL-8 (neutrophils)
IL-16 (CD4+)

161
Q

Which cytokines utilize JAK-1?

A

TSLP
IL-25
IFN gamma
IL-10
IL-4
IL-13

162
Q

Which cell makes the most cytokines?

A

Macrophages

163
Q

Which cells makes the second most cytokines?

A

Keratinocytes

164
Q

Which cytokine is critical in equine allergy? Vaccine against ____ helps with IBH pruritus. Per Fadock

A

IL-5

165
Q

Role of IL-1

A

Broad proinflammatory activity
Major cause of malaise, fever, lethargy, sleep, anorexia

166
Q

Difference between IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta

A

IL-1 alpha has strong intracrine activity

167
Q

Which cells make IL-1? Which cells is affected by IL-1?

A

Almost all cells make it; almost all cells are affected by IL-1

168
Q

Which cytokine is elevated in dogs with coccidiomycosis

A

IL-6, TNF alpha

169
Q

What are the 3 major proinflammatory cytokines per Fadock?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha

170
Q

Which cells make TNF alpha? Which cells respond to TNF alpha?

A

Almost all make it, almost all respond to it

171
Q

Role of IL-17

A

Activation of neutrophils
Control of extracellular pathogens
Important in autoimmune/inflammatory diseases

172
Q

Cytokine associated with periodontal disease

A

IL-17

173
Q

Cytokine associated with canine Leishmaniasis

A

IL-17

174
Q

Cytokine associated with atopic dermatitis in humans and possibly dogs per Fadock

A

IL-17

175
Q

Cytokine associated with IMHA in dogs (poor prognosis if persistently elevated)

A

IL-17

176
Q

Cytokine associated with canine steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis

A

IL-17

177
Q

Cytokine associated with equine arthritis, laminitis, +/- asthma

A

IL-17

178
Q

Role of IL-12

A

Development of Th1
Anti-tumor activity

179
Q

IL-17E ‘s other name

A

IL-25, alarmin in epidermis

180
Q

Interface dermatitis may occur due to _____:

A

Type I interferons (antiviral)

181
Q

IL-28, IL-29 (type 3 interferon) role

A

Anti-viral
Adjuvants to increase production of IFN-gamma

182
Q

IFN alpha, beta for which viruses in Vet Derm?

A

Feline herpes virus
Canine papillomatosis

183
Q

Name 2 anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

TGF beta
IL-10

184
Q

Which cytokines can sometimes be pro-inflammatory and sometimes anti-inflammatory, depending on context?

A

IL-4
IL-6
IL-11
IL-13

185
Q

Role of TGF beta

A

Antiinflammatory or profibrotic; context
Important for immunotherapy

186
Q

Role of IL-10

A

Treg, debby downer
Involved with Th2 repertoire
May be involved in mechanism of allergy

187
Q

Which cytokine may be responsible for the lack of effective responses to Leishmania?

A

IL-4

188
Q

Which cytokine can inhibit Th1 and Th17 responses

A

IL-4

189
Q

IL-4 is synergistic with _____ to promote IgE production

A

IL-13

190
Q

IFN gamma is synergistic with _____ to promote macrophage killing

A

TNF alpha

191
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and _____ are synergistic to promote inflammation

A

TNF alpha

192
Q

IFN gamma antagonizes ______’s ability to induce Th2

A

IL-4

193
Q

IL-4 antagonisizes IFN gamma and _____’s ability to induce Th1

A

IL-12

194
Q

_____ antagonizes the proinflammatory activities of TNFalpha

A

TGF beta, IL-10

195
Q

_____ is a natural antagonist for IL-1; It can bind the IL-1 receptor but does not activate it. This prevents IL-1 signaling

A

IL-1ra

196
Q

Which interferons can be used to treat cAD?

A

IFN gamma, IFN omega

197
Q

How does high levels of IL-4 in Th2 (atopic) dogs relate to cancer?

A

IL-4 suppresses Th1, which is important for anti-tumor activity

198
Q

What is the impact of high Th2 cytokines on the skin barrier?

A

IL-4, IL-6 decrease lipid synthesis, filaggrin
IL22 increases desmosome maturation
*If these cytokines are blocked, you will repair the skin barrier (in human med, IL-4 and IL-13 mABs)

199
Q

Where is the glucocorticoid receptor?

A

Cytosolic
GC passes through cell membrane into cytoplasm
GC receptor dimerizes, goes into nucleus, alters gene production

200
Q

Why does Cyclosporine take weeks to work?

A

It works by decreasing production of cytokines, which takes a long time

201
Q

Which JAK does Apoquel preferentially bind?

A

JAK-1 > JAK-3 > JAK-2, Tyk2

202
Q

Function of JAK2

A

Myelopoiesis, erythropoiesis, platelet function, growth

203
Q

Function of JAK1

A

Inflammation, allergy, pruritus

204
Q

When Apoquel is bound, what happens to JAK1?

A

It dimerizes, but cannot be phosphorylated, so STAT never binds –> no upregulation of allergic cytokines

205
Q

Where does Cytopoint bind IL-31

A

extracellularly, does not need receptor

206
Q

Which TLRs are bound by LPS (endotoxin) in post frooming furunculosis?

A

TLR4

207
Q

Which TLR binds to chitin, for demodex recognition?

A

TLR2

EV ACVD Study (52 decks)

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