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ANATOMY > Lecture 9: Histology of Hoof > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Histology of Hoof Flashcards

1
Q

perissodactyl

A

odd-toed (horses)

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2
Q

artiodactyl

A

even-toed
- cattle, sheep, goat, pig

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3
Q

specialization of skin that results from the cornification of the entire integument at the distal end of the digit

A

hoof

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4
Q

hoof capsule is _____

A

epidermis (germinative, proliferative, keratinized layers)

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5
Q

corium is ______

A

dermis (innervated + vascularized)

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6
Q

what layer of the hoof capsule is fully keratinized

A

S. corneum

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7
Q

what layer of hoof is only partially keratinized

A

S. granulosum

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8
Q

what layer of hoof contains stem cells

A

S. basale

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9
Q

what layer of hoof contains proliferative cells

A

S. spinosum

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10
Q

what is the periople

A

zone of transition from skin to hoof

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11
Q

the unions of the hoof wall with the base of the frog are the ______

A

bulbs

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12
Q

identify the numbers

A

2 = wall
2c = bars
3 = sole
4 = frog

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13
Q

identify 2a and 2b

A

2a = perioplic groove
2b = coronary groove

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14
Q

what are 3 and 4

A

3 = sole
4 = frog

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15
Q

how many layers is the corium?

A

just ONE, single layer w/ different zones

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16
Q

what are the zones of the wall corium

A
  • perioplic c.
  • coronary c.
  • laminar c.
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17
Q

what strata layers make up the hoof wall?

A
  • s. externum
  • outer s. medium
  • inner s. medium
  • stratum internum
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18
Q

what layer of hoof wall is the area of overlapping b/w the corium and hoof capsule

A

Stratum internum

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19
Q

what wall stratum are associated with the different corium zones

A

Perioplic corium
- stratum externum

coronary corium
- outer stratum medium
- inner stratum medium

laminar corium
- stratum internum

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20
Q

identify 1, 2, 4, 7

A

1 = periople
2 = perioplic corium
4 = coronary corium
7 = laminar corium

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21
Q

The ______ corium is associated with the stem cells that give rise to the proliferative cells, which eventually get keratinized and constitute the stratum externum of the wall

A

perioplic corium

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22
Q

the stem cells associated w/ the coronary corium generate cells that will form….

A

the inner and outer stratum

23
Q

the stem cells associated with the ____ corium are quiescent

A

laminar

24
Q

The perioplic, coronary, sole and frog corium all belong to what larger corium type

A

papillary, therefore associated w/ hoof regions responsible for wall growth

25
Q

The perioplic, coronary, sole and frog corium all provide ____ to stem cells

A

support, nutrients, oxygen

26
Q

the germinative layer of the hoof capsule is synonymous to what stratum layer

A

basale

27
Q

the stratum basale at the papillae region produces the _____ hoof

A

tubular

28
Q

the stratum basale at the inter-papillary regions produces the ____ hoof

A

inter-tubular

29
Q

keratinization of the tubular and inter-tubular hoof occurs where

A

below the papillae

30
Q

what does Rhodamine (red compound) stain

A

keratinizied tissue

31
Q

a _____ area exists b/w the stem cells and keratinized cells

A

non-keratinized area

32
Q

the stem cells on the papilla and inter-papillary region are equivalent to what in skin

A

stratum basale

33
Q

what strata contain Rhomadine-negative cells

A

S. spinosum and S. granulosum

34
Q

what strata contain Rhomadine-positive cells

A

S. corneum

35
Q

how is the stratum internum of the wall formed

A

interlocking of epidermal and dermal lamellae

36
Q

purpose of stratum internum

A
  • create the suspensory apparatus for the 3rd phalanx and its associated structures

makes attachment of capsule and corium efficient

37
Q

The laminar corium attaches to the periosteum of the ______ and to the perichondrium of the ______

A

periosteum of the 3rd phalanx and the perichondrium of the lateral cartilages

38
Q

purpose of secondary lamellae

A

increase SA for attachment

39
Q

how are the stem cells (s. basale) located on the surface of the secondary dermal lamellae different than those of the papillary corium

A

these stem cells normally don’t differentiate; they are quiescent unless needed to heal wounds at wall

40
Q

in the sole and frog, the corium attaches to the solar surface of the 3rd phalanx, except at the ______, where it attaches to the digital cushion

A

bulbs

41
Q

what is the zona alba

A

the union of the wall and sole that is poorly pigmented

42
Q

at the zona alba, the papillary corium (terminal papillae) replaces what

A

papillary corium replaces the laminar corium and produces the full keratinization of the stratum internum

43
Q

the stem cells of the papillary corium (terminal papillae) generate new hoof between ?

A

new hoof b/w epidermal lamellae

44
Q

what are the lamellar remodeling enzymes involved in hoof growth

A
  • Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP I+II) : digest laminin and collagen
  • Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase : inhibit MMPs
45
Q

explain how hoof growth occurs

A
  1. non-keratinized cells from the papillary corium push down keratinized cells of the hoof capsule

— this creates a pressure area that induces the expression of matrix metalloproteinases
— they detach the epidermal and dermal lamellae

  1. keratninized cells slide down on the s. basale fo the secondary lamellae

– once pressure goes away, the union of the lamellae takes place again by secreting metalloproteinase inhibitors

46
Q

the tubular horn works as a specialized ‘________”

A

“column”

47
Q

What are the hoof strategies to avoid ‘column’ rupture

A
  • inter-tubular horns reduce fragility by embedding tubular horn
  • central cavity + concentric layers provide flexibility to tubular horn
  • frog provides complementary support
  • sole-frog angles open to cushion weight load
48
Q

what structural differences are seen in the artiodactyl hoof

A
  • no frog, but has extensive digital pad
  • no bars
  • reduced sole
  • wall extends distally
  • no secondary lamellae
49
Q

identify 2,3,4

A

2 = wall
3 = sole
4 = digital pad

50
Q

in artiodactyl hooves, the corium of the digital pad is equivalent to that of the ____

A

frog in perissodactyl

51
Q

1?

A

1 = epidermal lamellae

52
Q

in an artiodactyl hoof, the corium of the digital pad is continuous w/ the one of the ____

A

sole. there is no clear distinction b/w the two

53
Q
A

ANATOMY (58 decks)

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