CYTOLOGY (Lecture 2 - 3) Flashcards
Term for on the same side
Ipsilateral
Plane that divides the body into perfect right and left halves
Median plane
Planes that are parallel to the median plane (infinite in #)
Longitudinal plane
In limbs, dorsal refers to the ______ of the paws
Dorsal is the front (top) of the paws
In limbs, palmar/plantar refers to the _______ of the forepaw and hind paw
underside
(active) transport of material into or out of a cell by membrane-bound vesicles
vesicular transport
material for exocytosis is packaged into ________ vesicles by the ________
material for exocytosis is packaged into SECRETORY vesicles by the GOLGI APPARATUS
this type of secretion waits for a signal
regulated secretion
this type of secretion does not require signaling
constitutive (continuous secretion)
in this type of secretion, there is a congregation of vesicles near the Plasma membrane
regulated secretion
examples of cells that exhibit regulated secretion
serous & mucous secreting cells, mast cells
examples of cells that exhibit constitutive secretion
fibroblasts, plasma cells
3 types of endocytosis
pinocytosis (cellular ‘drinking’)
phagocytosis (cellular ‘eating’)
receptor-mediated endocytosis
pinocytosis forms pinocytotic vesicles called _______
caveolae
the engulfing of large particles, cellular debris and bacteria
phagocytosis (mostly done by macrophages)
What are the steps involved in Phagocytosis
- pseudopodia surround the material
- vesicles (phagosomes) are formed
- phagosomes fuse w/ lysosomes
- Lysosomes process/degrade/recycle the material
term for uncoiled DNA, present when the cell is undergoing active transcription
EUCHROMATIN
more electron lucent
term for coiled/condensed DNA, inactive (not being transcribed)
HETEROCHROMATIN
more electron dense
when looking at nuceli
How to determine if a cell is more ‘active’ than another
a more vesicular nucleus with more euchromatin
heterochromatin (Green dot)
inactive (DNA condensed)
euchromatin (black dot)
active transcription (DNA uncoiled)
organelle that is the ‘protein factory’
ribosomes
type of ribosomes that create cytoplasmic proteins (proteins for use within the cell)
Free ribosomes (polyribosomes)
type of ribosomes that create membrane and secretory proteins (proteins that will go to the ER)
ER-bound ribosomes
what job do these cells have
make proteins for secretion (rER)
what job do these cells have
make proteins for secretion (rER)
flattened sacs where proteins from the rER are packaged within cisterna
Golgi apparatus
rough ER is located on the _____ face of the golgi
CIS face
spherical, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes to degrade
lysozomes
organelle that is the site of ATP synthesis
mitochondria
the number of this type of organelle indicates the E requirements of the cell
- lots of these = very busy cell
mitochondria
what are vesicular mitochondria?
mitochondria whose cristae extend into the matrix and make TUBULAR FOLDS
Steroid hormone producing cells have what type of mitochondria
Vesicular
type of ER that has no ribosomes, thus no protein synthesis occurs
Smooth ER
Smooth ER is abundant in cells that do what…..
detoxify (like liver)
secrete steroid hormones
when a cell has lots of smooth ER, it is likely construction stuff out of _____
fat
Importance of cytoskeleton
- cell shape (morphology)
- cell mobility
- interacts w/ extracellular matrix
components of the cytoskeleton
actin (thin filaments)
intermediate filaments
Microtubules (thick filaments)
what are the main functions of actin
- help anchor cells to each other and the extracellular matrix
- form the structural core of microvilli and stereocilia
- movement
what is the main function of intermediate filaments?
cell-to-cell adhesion
cell to ECM adhesion
has high tensile strength
of the cytoskeleton filaments, which are constructed of different substances in different cells
intermediate filaments
ex: neurons made of neurofilaments
what are the functions of the microtubules?
- provide rigidity to cell shape
- aid in intercellular transport
- movement of cell (cilia, flagella)
these are all types of?
microtubules
organelles that are in the cytoplasm but NOT membrane bound
inclusions
ex: glycogen, pigmentation, lipids
type of endocytosis termed “cellular eating”
phagocytosis
type of endocytosis termed “cellular drinking”
pinocytosis
what are the 3 types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated
what are the 3 types of exocytosis?
regulated, constitutive, receptor-mediated
what enables a cell to maintain its same size
membrane trafficking such as thro pinocytosis
what are characteristics of a phagocytic cell?
- pseudopedia
- phagosomes, lysosomes, phagolysosomes
what is the function of phagocytic cells
defends host cell and cleans up after injury
what does the nucleolus contain
rRNA
what is contained in chromatin
DNA
why do lysosomes have varying electron densities?
e- density is based on what they are digesting and how long they have been digesting it
what things might lysosomes fuse with
autophagosomes
endocytotic vesicles
phagosomes
microtubules
