Lecture 12: Vertebral Column & Back Musculature Flashcards
axial skeleton is composed of?
skull / cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
appendicular skeleton is composed of?
limb bones, pelvis, scapula and clavicle
articulations that either firmly unite bones or allow for specific movements b/w bones
joints
movement that reduces the angle b/w bones
flexion
movement that increases angle b/w bones
extension
flexion or extension?
thoracic and lumbar vertebrae flexed
flexion or extension?
thoracic and vertebrae extended
what is this
lateral flexion - flexed to the right, extended to the left
spinous process
lamina
transverse process
pedicle
body
spinous process
transverse and caudal costal fovae
neural arch
how many vertebrae do all mammals have in the cervical region (neck)
7
thoracic region aka _____?
back
movements in joints of the vertebrae happen between ___________
vertebral bodies
vertebral arches
_____ joints allow sliding movement between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
Synovial
_________, positioned b/w vertebral bodies, are compressible and absorb shock to allow movements along multiple axes
intervertebral discs
the nucleus pulposis is a rumnant of which key embryological structure?
embryonic notochord
a cartilaginous joint b/w two adjacent vertebral bodies
Intervertebral (IV) disk
Joints vs Ligaments
joints allow for stereotypic, predictable movement
Ligaments LIMIT excessive movement across joints
what ligaments are tensed here
supraspinous and interspinous ligament
what two ligaments connect the spinous processes of vertebra and limit excessive flexion of vertebral column
supraspinous
interspinous
dorsal longitudinal
ventral longitudinal
what ligaments are tensed here
ventral dorsal and longitudinal ligament
this ligament supports much of the mass of the head without muscular effort
nuchal ligament
- found in animals like horses, cows, goat, sheep, animals that spend a lot of time eating off ground
- cats DONT have
the supraspinous ligament continues into the neck as the _______ ligament
nuchal
what two things do cats lack that most other vertebrate mammals have
supraspinous and nuchal ligaments
the vertebral canal protects what
the spinal cord
where do spinal nerves form and branch in
the intervertebral foramen
_____ and ____ roots join to form the spinal nerve then branch into ______ and _____ rami
ventral and dorsal
Ventral vs Dorsal Rami
Ventral Rami
- travel ventrolaterally
-are much larger
Dorsal Rami
- travel dorsally
- are small
what does it mean that the spinal nerves are “mixed”
mixed meaning that all the spinal nerves carry somatic, motor, somatic sensory and autonomic (sympathetic) axons
what muscle types mvoe the back and the limbs
epaxial and hypaxial
muscles that support the vertebral column and are a major part of locomotion
epaxial
where are epaxial muscles found in mammals
along a narrow region of the back and neck
musculature in mammals that extends on to the back and contributes to limb movement?
hypaxial
muscle contraction functions to bring _______ closer together
sites of attachment
the proximal end of a muscle that remains fixed during contraction
Origin
the distal end of a muscle that attaches to the mobile portion of bone
Insertion
the peripheral nerve that provides motor iNnervation to and takes sensory innervation from a muscle
Innervation
Product of the movement generated by muscle contraction
Product
HYPAXIAL MUSCLES
- function in limb movement & stability (locomotion)
- hypaxial muscles that migrated dorsally during development are positioned superficial to the epaxial muscles
The trapezius, latissimus, and serratus dorsallis are what type of muscle
HYPAXIAL
______ muscles are the intrinsic muscles of the back
Epaxial
the Iliocstalis, longissimus and transversopinalis systems are all what
Epaxial muscle
a deep, dense fascia that gives attachment to multiple muscle groups. It can also provide stability and support to the caudal lumbar region
Thoracolumbar fascia
which fundamental muscle group is innervated by ventral rami? which by dorsal rami?
ventral rami - hypaxial
dorsal rami - epaxial
what ligaments prevent excessive extension
ventral and dorsal longitudinal ligaments
