Lecture 21: Abdomen I

Question 1

The abdominal diaphragm divides what cavities

Answer 1

thoracic and abdominal

Question 2

what passes through the caval foramen

Answer 2

caudal vena cava

Question 3

what passes through the esophageal hiatus

Answer 3

esophagus, vagal trunks

Question 4

what passes through the aortic hiatus at T12-T13

Answer 4

aorta
azygous vein
thoracic dtcy

Question 5

what are the two CAVAL-CAVAL anastomoses within the abdominal wall

Answer 5

1. cranial superficial epigastric vessels anastomose w/ caudal superficial epigastric vessels and together they supply blood to the superficial layers including mammary glands
2. cranial and caudal epigastric veins
   - anastomosis b/w cranial and caudal venae cavae drainage

Question 6

what is a CAVAL-CAVAL anastomosis

Answer 6

when venous blood can be returned to the heart from tributaries to either the cranial or caudal vena cava

Question 7

main 3 muscles of the abdominal wall

Answer 7

transversus abdominis
internal abdominal oblique
external abdominal oblique

Question 8

main function of all 3 muscles of abdominal wall

Answer 8

compression of the abdominal viscera, aids in expiration, urination, defecation, parturition

Question 9

origin of the external abdominal oblique

Answer 9

lateral surfaces of the rib, lumbar fascia

Question 10

Insertion of the external abdominal oblique

Answer 10

via aponeurosis to two parts
1. larger abdominal tendon inserts on the linea alba
2. smaller pelvic tendon inserts on the fascia over the iliopsoas and on the pubis

Question 11

the cranial and caudal superficial epigatric arteries supply the abdominal wall _____ to the abdominal muscles

Answer 11

SUPERFICIAL

Question 12

The cranial and caudal epigastric arteries supply the abdominal wall _____ to the rectus abdominis within the rectus sheath

Answer 12

deep

Question 13

what innervates the abdominal wall

Answer 13

Lumbar ventral rami

Question 14

3 deep muscles of the dorsal abdominal wall that contribute to locomotion

Answer 14

psoas major
psoas minor
quadratus lumborum

Question 15

what are hernias

Answer 15

displacement and protrusion of part of an organ through the walls of the body cavity
- can be congenital or acquired (trauma)

Question 16

umbilical hernia

Answer 16

abdominal contents protrude into the overlying subcutaneous fascia

Question 17

inguinal hernia

Answer 17

abdominal contents pass through the inguinal canal and may project into the scrotum in males

Question 18

what serves as a passageway from the abdominal cavity out to the abdominal wall

Answer 18

inguinal canal

Question 19

in both male and female what is transmitted through the inguinal canal

Answer 19

• external pudendal artery and vein
• efferent vessels from the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
• genitofemoral nodes

Question 20

what is unique to males in the inguinal canal

Answer 20

spermatic cord and its associated structures

Question 21

importance of linea alba in abdominal surgical approaches

Answer 21

linea alba is a site of superficial fascia and rectus aponeurosis, site where surgical approaches won’t damage muscle tissue

Question 22

Aponeuroses of the abdominal wall muscles come together at the midline forming the _______ around each rectus muscle

Answer 22

linea alba

Question 23

what results in the progressively weaker body wall caudal to the umbilicus and nearer to the pubis

Answer 23

the aponeuroses of the internal abdominal oblique and the transversus abdominis change their position relative to the rectus abdominis

Question 24

order of the abdominal wall muscles from superficial to deep

Answer 24

external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transversus abdominis
(transversalis fascia)
(peritoneum)

Question 25

a lining of fascia that is deep to the transversus abdominus that connects the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

Answer 25

transversalis fascia
(aka subserous fascia)

Question 26

what is the origin of the rectus abdominis

Answer 26

sternum and costal cartilages

Question 27

what is the insertion of the rectus abdominis

Answer 27

from the prepubic tendon to the public brim

Question 28

what is the origin of the transversus abdominis

Answer 28

inner surfaces of the last ribs, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Question 29

insertion of the transversus abdominus

Answer 29

aponeurosis that passes dorsal to the rectus abdominis

Question 30

what is the cremaster muscle

Answer 30

muscle slip detached from the internal oblique that passes onto the spermatic cord

Question 31

what is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique

Answer 31

coxal tuber / cranial ventral iliac spine

Question 32

what is the insertion of the internal abdominal oblique

Answer 32

the last rib and the aponeurosis that passes ventral to the rectus to reach the linea alba

Question 33

name for the gap left in the abdominal wall at the caudal edge of the external abdominal oblique (no bony insertion)

Answer 33

inguinal ligament

Question 34

opening between the abdominal and pelvic tendons of the external abdominal oblique

the superficial opening of the inguinal canal that allows passage of vessels (and the spermatic cord in males)

Answer 34

superficial inguinal ring

Question 35

evolutionarily, mammary glands are modified, enlarged ____ glands

Answer 35

sweat

Question 36

two important products of the mammary glands

Answer 36

colostrum (modified milk produced immediately after parturuition)
- role in the passive transfer of immunity to baby

milk

Question 37

what is the line of symmetry through the abdomen

Answer 37

linea alba

Question 38

term for an integumentary region innervated by a single spinal nerve

Answer 38

dermatome