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ANATOMY > EMBRYOLOGY (Lecture 9) > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY (Lecture 9) Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up a corona radiata

A

zona pellucida + layers of follicular cells

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2
Q
A

Follicular cells

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3
Q
A

secondary oocyte

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4
Q
A

zona pellucida (glycoprotein coat)

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5
Q
A

oocyte

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6
Q
A

follicular cells

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7
Q
A

zona pellucida

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8
Q

fertilized oocyte becomes a ______

A

zygote

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9
Q

genetic sex determination takes place when?

A

the diploid zygote is formed

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10
Q

term for a new embryonic cell

A

blastomere

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11
Q

term for a superficial layer around a central core of cells

A

Morula

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12
Q

what forms the blastocystic cavity

A

secretions from the blastomeres

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13
Q

the initial series of mitotic divisions by which the larger zygote is fractionated into numerous ‘normal sized’ cells

A

cleavage

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14
Q

each daughter cell of the cleavage process is called a ____?

A

blastomere

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15
Q

cleavage begins w/ a _____, progresses through compaction to the _______ stage and terminates w/ the start of the ______ stage

A

cleavage begins w/ a ZYGOTE, progresses through compaction to a MORULA stage and terminates at the start of the BLASTOCYST (blastula) stage

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16
Q

The first 8 blastomeres are _______ and have identical potential in mammals

A

undifferentiated

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17
Q

once a cavity appears, a morula is called a _______?

A

blastocyst

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18
Q

the male pronucleus forms from the ______

A

enlarged sperm nucleus

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19
Q

with each division in mitosis, the blastomeres get _______ in size

A

smaller

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20
Q

what does totipotent mean

A

an immature cell that can give rise to any cell type

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21
Q

the trophoblast forms the _______ layers of the placenta

A

embryonic

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22
Q

blastocyst emerges from the ________

A

zona pellucida

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23
Q

cattle and horses undergo what type of conceptus

A

single conceptus

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24
Q

dogs and cats undergo what type of conceptus

A

polytocous

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25
Q

All three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) originate within the _______

A

epiblast

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26
Q

what is Neurulation

A

The transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube

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27
Q

what induces neurulation

A

the notochord

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28
Q

what is gastrulation

A

when the 3 primary germ layers become distinct (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

*begins w/ the primitive streak

29
Q

what are the two parts of the placenta and where do they derive from?

A
  • a fetal part (develops from the chorionic sac)
  • maternal part (Derived from the endometrium)
30
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

the lining of the uterus

31
Q

the fetal part of the placenta and the fetal membranes separate the fetus from the _______

A

endometrium

32
Q

after body folding occurs, trophoblasts get a new name, _______

A

chorionic

33
Q

main function of the placenta

A

communication b/w mother and fetus

34
Q

what happens in implantation

A

fetus attaches to uterus lumen

35
Q

what is the mesometrium?

A

ligament that hangs the uterus in place

36
Q

the chorioallantoic membrane is where the ____ + _____ touch

A

chorion + allantoic

37
Q

blood vessels of the placenta develop from the _______

A

extraembryonic mesoderm (and they grow up through the yolk sac)

38
Q

somites originate from what

A

lateral mesoderm

39
Q

when does the blastocystic cavity become the exocelemic cavity

A

with the presence of hypoblasts

40
Q

when does the exocelemic cavity become the primitive yolk sac

A

once the exocelemic cavity becomes entirely enclosed by hypoblast

41
Q

what does the prechordal plate ultimately become

A

the mouth

42
Q

the notochord induces ______ which is immediately followed by _______

A

neurulation, followed by body folding

43
Q

what does the ectoderm go on to make

A

the epidermis, the CNS, the neural crest

44
Q

the endoderm replaces what cells

A

hypoblast

45
Q

the endoderm goes on to make what

A

makes the gut lining

46
Q

parvovirus is a disease of the what

A

endoderm

47
Q

when the caudal neural cord fails to close properly, what happens

A

spina bifida

48
Q

horses have what placenta type and describe it

A

Epitheliochorial type
epithelio = mother layer
chorial = baby layer

the endometrial epithelium (mothers layer) remains intact and is near to the chorionic epithelium (baby layer)

  • have diffuse placenta meaning it wraps entirely around
49
Q

what are chorionic girdle and endometrial cup? when do you see them?

A

the chorionic girdle and endometrial cups are areas of greater maternal/fetal attachment

CHORIONIC GIRDLE ( ~ day 35)
- present when the choriovitelline membrane is still present
- present when definitive yolk sac larger

ENDOMETRIAL CUPS (~ day 70)
- think: older so more developed and can use sippy CUP
- present once the choriovitelline membrane is gone
- size of definitive yolk sac is reduced

50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q

what type of placentation do horses have

A

diffuse meaning the placenta is all over

53
Q

what are equine microcotyledons

A

areas where the fetal and maternal microvillous (microvilli) interdigitate

54
Q

what does precocial infants mean and what species have them

A

precocial = born with eyes open, full hair coat, mobile
ex: horses

55
Q

what does altricial infants mean

A

altricial infants require a lot more care
ex: puppies, kittens, human babies

56
Q

what is the placenta type in cattle

A

synepitheliochoridal
- same as horse but ‘syn’ implied the added binucleate cells
- syn ‘sin’ Bi
- BINUCLEATE CELLS (fetal origin)
- areas of combined maternal and fetal epithelium called CRYPTAL epithelium

57
Q

placentation in cattle….name for it and explain

A

cattle: cotyledonary placentation

**carnucles on maternal side, mom drives the car
**cotyledon on fetal side, you coddle a baby
PLACENTOME = carnucle + cotyledon

58
Q

(Cattle) what comprises the placentome

A

caruncle + cotyledon

59
Q
A
60
Q

what is the placenta type in dogs and cats

A

Endotheliochordial type
- chorion comes into direct contact w/ maternal (endometrial) capillaries
- maternal uterine endothelium and CT is gone

61
Q

what is the placentation type in dogs and cats

A

ZONARY placentation
- zonary meaning not all sides of the fetal placenta are attached to the mother
-

62
Q

monozyogtic vs dizygotic twins

A

monozygotic is when two fetuses share one ovum
Dizygotic is when each fetus has their own ovum (2 ova)

63
Q

MZ twinning usually begins in the _______ stage

A

blastocyst
65% of MZ twins develop after the separation of the blastocystic cavity
- 1 placenta, 1 chorionic scac, 2 amniotic sacs

64
Q

when separation of the embryonic disc occurs before the formation of the blastocystic cavity, MZ twins have ____ amnion, ___ chorions, and ____ placentas

A

2 amnions, 2 chorions, 2 placentas

65
Q

what problems can occur when MZ twins originate from the division of the embryonic disc late in week 2

A

when division of the embryonic disc occurs late in week 2, the embryos share a single placenta and single amniotic sac
- conjoined twins or parasitic twin

66
Q

what cells form the prechordal plate

A

hypoblasts

67
Q

during gastrulation, all 3 germ layers form from the _____

A

epiblast

68
Q

what do the blood vessels develop from

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

ANATOMY (58 decks)

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