Lecture 8

Question 1

What are Ethical standards designed to protect?

Answer 1

The welfare of both human and animal participants in psychological research

Question 2

What are the parts of ethics?

Answer 2

• Protect and promote welfare of participants
• Avoid doing harm
• Benefit must be proportionately greater than the risk
• Informed consent must be provided
• Ensure privacy and confidentiality

Question 3

Where must research be approved?

Answer 3

Ethics review board (REB)

Question 4

When is Deception allowed?

Answer 4

Under certain circumstances (e.g. has to be absolutely necessary for the experiment, has to be relatively mild)

Question 5

What must be done after a Deception experiment?

Answer 5

All participants must be debriefed and told the true purpose of the experiment

Question 6

What does Bioethics refer to?

Answer 6

An emerging field of ethics with a great deal of relevance to psychological research. It deals with the ethics inherent to scientific progress in the field of biology and medicine

Question 7

What are Neurons?

Answer 7

Nerve cells which form the basic building blocks of the nervous system

Question 8

How many neurons at birth?

Answer 8

100 billion neurons at birth

Question 9

What does the cell body of the neuron contain?

Answer 9

Contains the biochemical structures that maintain the neuron and the nucleus which carries the genetic programming information (DNA)

Question 10

What do Axons do?

Answer 10

Send signals to other neurons

Question 11

What do dendrites do?

Answer 11

Receive signals from other neurons

Question 12

What are axons covered with?

Answer 12

The Myelin sheath

Question 13

What is the Myelin sheath composed of?

Answer 13

Fatty, whitish insulation layer

Question 14

What is the Myelin sheath interrupted by?

Answer 14

Nodes of Ranvier (gaps where the myelin is thin/very absent)

Question 15

What does Myelination do?

Answer 15

Increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses. Signal ‘jumps’ from node to node in myelinated axons

Question 16

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Answer 16

A neurological disorder in which. the immune system attacks the myelin causing demyelination

Question 17

What is the ratio of glial cells to neurons?

Answer 17

10-1 of glial cells to neurons

Question 18

What do Glial cell do?

Answer 18

They support/nourish/protect neurons
•Manufacture nutrient chemicals
•Form the myelin sheath around some neurons
•Absorb toxins/waste material
•Guide newly divided neurons into place

Question 19

What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?

Answer 19

A lining of specialized tightly packed glial cells in the brain’s blood vessels that screen out foreign substances such as toxins

Question 20

What is the Resting Potential of a neuron?

Answer 20

-70mV which is called polarization

Question 21

What is the resting potential of a neuron due to?

Answer 21

Negatively charged ions in the cell and positively charged ions outside of the cell

Question 22

What happens during an action potential?

Answer 22

Sodium channels open and Na+ flows into the neuron changine the resting potential of -70mV to +40mV. This is called depolarization

Question 23

What happens after Depolarization?

Answer 23

Sodium channels close and K+ channels open causing K+ to flow out of the cell and restore the negative resting potential

Question 24

What is the All-or-none law?

Answer 24

When an action potential occurs its always at the same intensity

Question 25

What is Graded Potentials?

Answer 25

Small changes in the resting potential that do not reach the threshold required to trigger an action potential

Question 26

What is Absolute refractory period?

Answer 26

Following an action potential another AP cannot be generated while the resting balance is being restored