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Psychology 104 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the stimulus for hearing?

A

Pressure waves

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2
Q

How are the waves of hearing created?

A

Through expansion and compression of the molecules in some conducting medium which we experience as sound

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3
Q

What are the two fundamental properties of sound waves?

A

Frequency and amplitude

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4
Q

What is Frequency?

A

Frequency refers to the number of cycles per second measures in hz

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5
Q

What is Frequency perceptually?

A

Frequency is related to the perceptual experience of pitch

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6
Q

What does Amplitude describe?

A

The amount of compression and expansion of molecules in conducting medium

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7
Q

What is Amplitude Perpetually?

A

The perceived loudness

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8
Q

How decibels work?

A

Absolute threshold is 0 and this value is measured on a logarithmic scale where each increase of 10 equated ti 10x increase in loudness

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9
Q

What is the auditory system designed to do?

A

Funnel in presssure waves and translate them into neural impulses

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10
Q

What does the outer ear do?

A

Funnels sound toward the eardrum (tympanic membrane) which vibrates in response to incoming waves

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11
Q

What 3 bones make up the

Middle ear?

A

Hammer (malleus)
Anvil (incus)
Stirrup (stapes)

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12
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Amplify the pressure waves relayed by the eardrum 30x

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13
Q

What is the function of a Hammer?

A

It is connected to the eardrum which forms the boundary between the out/middle ear

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14
Q

What is the function of the anvil?

A

Connects the two bones in the middle ear

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15
Q

What is the function of the Stirrup?

A

Is connected to the oval window which forms the boundary between the middle/inner ear

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16
Q

What is the Cochlea?

A

A fluid filled tube located in the inner ear

17
Q

What is inside the Cochlea?

A

The organ of corti

18
Q

What does the organ of corti do?

A

Rests on the basilar membrane and contains 16000 hair cells that act as sound receptors

19
Q

How does the Basilar membrane work?

A

Vibrations from the oval window cause fluid in the cochlea to move which creates waves in the basilar membrane. The waves bend the hair cells causing them to fire action potentials. Then the hair cells synapse with the auditory nerves.

20
Q

Where do impulses from the ear go?

A

Signals go to the thalamus and then to the primary auditory cortex

21
Q

How does Amplitude affects sound waves?

A

High amplitude sound waves bend the hair cells more resulting in more neurotransmitter release, resulting in a higher rate of firing

22
Q

How is loudness coded?

A

As a function of both the firing rate and identity of which neurons are firing

23
Q

What does Frequency Theory suggest?

A

Nerve impulses match the frequency of sound wave being coded

24
Q

What is one problem Frequency theory?

A

The absolute refractory period that limits the firing rate of a neuron

25
Q

What is Place theory?

A

The specific place in the cochlea where a particular frequency of sound wave bends a hair cell most strongly will contribute to the coding of pitch

26
Q

What are Low pitches coded in accordance with?

A

Frequency theory

27
Q

What are the High pitches coded in accordance with?

A

Place theory

28
Q

What does Binaural hearing assist with?

A

Localizing sound

29
Q

How does Binaural hearing help with localizing sound?

A

The difference in arrival time of the sound to the different ears. Also the difference in intensity

30
Q

What does Conduction deafness result from?

A

Problems relating to the mechanical conduction of sound to the cochlea

31
Q

What can fix Conduction deafness?

A

Hearing aids

32
Q

What does Nerve deafness result from?

A

Damage to the receptors or auditory nerve

33
Q

What can cause Nerve deafness?

A

Chronic exposure to loud noise

34
Q

What is Gustation?

A

taste

35
Q

What does Gustation produced by?

A

Stimulation of taste buds

36
Q

What does Chemical senses rely on?

A

Chemical molecules

37
Q

What is Umami?

A

A fifth dimension that modulates our perception of the other 4

38
Q

What does perception specific taste result from?

A

Particular mixtures of neural signals related to these basic dimension

39
Q

What can taste preferences be related to?

A

Evolutionary selection pressures

Psychology 104 (33 decks)

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