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Psychology 104 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Change over time in frequency with which genes, and characteristics they produces, occur within an interbreeding population

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2
Q

What do Mutations do?

A

Continually introduce new genetic variation

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3
Q

What are Adaptations?

A

Changes that promotes survival/reproduction

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4
Q

What allows Adaptations to become more frequent in the population?

A

Natural selection

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5
Q

What do domain specific adaptation?

A

Solve particular problems (e.x. mate section, finding safe food, avoiding particular environmental hazards)

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6
Q

What are Broad Adaptations?

A

General, multi purpose, and versatile (e.x. language, logical reasoning)

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7
Q

How does the environment help?

A

It provides input to evolutionary mechanisms that predispose infants to learn particular things

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8
Q

What does Evolutionary Psychology ask?

A

How behaviour and tendencies have evolved in response to environmental demands

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9
Q

How much variance in personality is attributed to genotype differences?

A

40-50%

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10
Q

What does the Five factor model of personality suggest about genotype?

A

Genotype contributes to 40-50% of the difference in personality

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11
Q

What does the Genetic contribution to personalities imply?

A

There is an evolutionary role in shaping personality

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12
Q

What is the Basis for the Evolutionary Personality theory?

A

There is an evolutionary role in shaping personality

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13
Q

Why do some extremes for personality get selected by evolutionary mechanisms?

A

Because there is always some natural variation and some traits are adaptive in different environments

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14
Q

What do different environments exert?

A

Different evolutionary/selection pressures. And different environment are always changing

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15
Q

What do many different characteristics and behaviours have to potential to become?

A

Adaptive or maladaptive in different times/places

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16
Q

What is Parental Investment?

A

The resource investment (time, effort, energy etc) and risks associated with caring for each offspring

17
Q

What does Variation in parental investment reflect?

A

Different strategies that have been optimized by particular selection pressures

18
Q

What is the range of Parental investment?

A

Some species produce many offspring and invest little and some invest large amounts of resources in few offspring

19
Q

What did Trivers predict for parental investment?

A

1) The sex with the grater parental investment will be more discriminating when choosing mates
2) The sex with the lesser parental investment will more aggressively compete for potential mates

20
Q

What does Sexual Dimorphism refer to?

A

Difference in characteristics between males/females within a species

21
Q

What is Sexual Dimorphism shaped by?

A

Differences in evolutionary selection pressures for males/females

22
Q

What is Polygyny?

A

One male with many females

23
Q

When is Polygyny predicted to occur?

A

If female investment in offspring high, male investment is low

24
Q

What do Polygynous species tend to have?

A

Greater sexual dimorphism

25
Q

What is Polyandry?

A

One female mates with many males

26
Q

What do Females of Polyandrous species tend to be?

A

Larger than the males, in line with Trivers prediction

27
Q

What is Cooperation?

A

One individual helps another and each gains some advantage

28
Q

What is Altruism?

A

One individual helps another but there are costs involved and no apparent advantage to the helper

29
Q

What is Kin selection theory?

A

Applies to helping one’s relatives

30
Q

What does Kin Selection theory do?

A

Increases the survival of relatives, promoting survival of common genetic material

31
Q

What is Reciprocal Altruism theory?

A

General helping, not based on genetic relatedness

32
Q

Why might some physical/behaviour attributes like aggression be chosen?

A

Because they can carry certain benefits

33
Q

What can Dominance Hierarchies do?

A

Can reduce conflict

Psychology 104 (33 decks)

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