Lecture 25 Flashcards
What question did Edward Thorndike attempt to answer?
How do we learn new behaviours
What did Edward Thorndike use?
A puzzle box
What is the Law of Effect?
Responses that are followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to reoccur
What is Operant Conditioning?
A type of learning in which behavior is influenced by it’s consequences
What is a Skinner Box?
A device designed by BF skinner to automatically reinforce certain actions while keeping a record of behavior
What are the two components of a skinner box?
Reinforcement
Punishment
What is Skinners ABC?
Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence
What is Antecedent?
A stimulus is presented before behavior occurs
What is Behaviour?
Something the organism does
What is Consequence?
Something that follows from the behavior
What is Classical Conditioning?
Involved learning an association between two stimuli (CS-UCS) that occur before a particular behavior
What is Operant Conditioning?
Involved learning an association between a particular behaviour and consequence, with the consequence occuring after the behaviour
What is Positive Reinforcment?
When a response is strengthened by presentation of a pleasant/desired stimulus
What is Negative reinforcement?
Response is strengthened by removal of an aversive stimulus
What is Positive punishment?
Weakening a response by introducing something unpleasant (spanking, nagging)
What happens as a result of positive punishment?
Can encourage people to simply find ways to hide their behavior rather than strictly eliminating it
What is Negative Punishment?
Weakening response by removal of something valued (e.g. TV, bike)
What are Primary Reinforcers?
Stimuli that are reinforcing because they satisfy/disrupt biological needs (food, pain)
What are Secondary Reinforcers?
Acquire reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers (money, tokens)
When should Reinforcement/Punishment occur to have the strongest effect?
Immediately after the behaviour
What is Delay of Gratification?
The ability to forego an immediate smaller reward for a delayed but more satisfying outcome
What is Operant Extinction?
Weakening/disappearance of operant response if no longer reinforced
What is Operant Generalization?
Operant response extended to new antecedent stimulus/situation
What is Operant Discrimination?
Operant response withheld from new antecedent stimulus/situation
What is Shaping?
When the behavior of an organisms is already able to do that somehow resembles the eventual goal but is much easier
What is Chaining?
When a very specific sequence of responses is reinforced in steps
What is Fixed Schedule?
When reinforcement is entirely predictable
What is Fixed Ratio?
Reinforcement occurs after completing a constant number of responses
What is Fixed Interval?
Reinforcement is available after a constant length of time
What is Variable Schedule?
When reinforcement is not predictable
What is Variable Ratio?
Reinforcement occurs after a changing number of responses
What is Variable Interval?
Reinforcement is available after a changing length of time
What is Continuous reinforcment?
When every response of a particular type is reinforced
What is Partial Reinforcment?
When only some responses are reinforced
