Lecture 19

Question 1

What is Olfaction?

Answer 1

Smell

Question 2

Where are the neurotransmitters for smell found?

Answer 2

In the upper nasal cavity

Question 3

Where are signals from the upper nasal cavity sent?

Answer 3

The olfactory bulb

Question 4

What special about the olfactory bulb?

Answer 4

It is one of the continually active sites of neurogenesis

Question 5

How odours recognized?

Answer 5

Diverse and complex odours are coded/recognized as individual distinct rather than a mixture of basic dimensions

Question 6

What are Phermones?

Answer 6

Chemical signals found in natural body scents

Question 7

What can pheromones serve as?

Answer 7

Adaptive purposes (warnings, navigation, mating, etc.)

Question 8

What do touch receptors detect?

Answer 8

Pressure, pain, and temperature

Question 9

Where are signals from touch receptors sent to?

Answer 9

The somatic sensory cortex

Question 10

What is pressure detected by?

Answer 10

Nerve fibres at base of hair follicles

Question 11

What is Pain and Temperature detected by?

Answer 11

Free nerve ending receptors beneath skin’s surface

Question 12

What does Gate Control theory suggest?

Answer 12

Pain results from opening/closing of gating mechanisms, spinal cord gates neural impulses en route to brain (increases/decreases the signal)

Question 13

Where are gate signals relayed to?

Answer 13

The thalamus and continue on to various regions (somatic sensory cortex, frontal areas, limbic system, etc)

Question 14

What factors can affect gating and thus perception?

Answer 14

Psychological: thoughts, emotions, beliefs, actions
Physiological: endorphins

Question 15

What is Kinethesis?

Answer 15

Feedback about muscles and joint positions

Question 16

What is Kinethesis important for?

Answer 16

Action

Question 17

What are receptors for Kinethesis?

Answer 17

Nerve endings in muscles, joints, and tendons. Visual feedback is also relevan

Question 18

What does the Vestibular system provide?

Answer 18

Information related to sense and balance/spatial orientation

Question 19

What do the 3 Semicircular canals contain?

Answer 19

Receptors for head movements

Question 20

What head movements to semicircular canals contain receptors for?

Answer 20

Left/Right
Backwards/Forwards
Up/Down

Question 21

What do Vestibular sacs respond to?

Answer 21

Position of body

Question 22

What do Vestibular sacs indicates?

Answer 22

Whether the body is upright or at angle

Question 23

What is Bottom-up Processing?

Answer 23

Relatively automatic analysis of individual elements of stimulus which are combined into unified whole, typically relates to basic stimuli properties (colour, shape, etc.)

Question 24

What is Bottom up processing associated with?

Answer 24

Transduction at receptor sites (rods and cones for vision, hair cells for hearing)

Question 25

What is Top down processing?

Answer 25

Modulating role of existing knowledge, concepts ideas, expectations etc. that affect how things are perceived and interpreted, what meaning is drawn etc.

Question 26

What are the two primary roles for attention?

Answer 26

Focusing on specific information deemed more relevant | Filtering out other information deemed less relevant

Question 27

What is Inattentional blindness?

Answer 27

Refers to situations in which we fail to notice things that are right in front of us

Question 28

What is Change blindness?

Answer 28

Situations in which we fail to notice what may be considered relatively obvious changes

Question 29

What predicts how we perceive stimuli?

Answer 29

Gestalt laws of perceptual organization

Question 30

How is Similarity perceived?

Answer 30

Grouping by feature

Question 31

How is Proximity perceived?

Answer 31

Grouping by closeness

Question 32

How is closure perceived?

Answer 32

Close/open edges boundaries

Question 33

How is continuity perceived?

Answer 33

Elements linked ti form continuous line

Question 34

What is Figure?

Answer 34

Distinct shape, typically focal point of scenes

Question 35

What is Ground?

Answer 35

Typically not the focal point of scenes (the background)

Question 36

What does Perceptual | schemas refer to?

Answer 36

Mental representation or image, with which we compare stimuli to for recognition purposes

Question 37

What does Perceptual Schemas refer to?

Answer 37

Mental representation or image

Question 38

What do Perceptual constancies refer to?

Answer 38

Our tendency to recognize objects perceived in slightly different contexts as being the same