Lecture 22 Flashcards
What stage of sleep do Night Terrors usually occure?
Stage 3 or 4
What stages occur after falling asleep?
We experience stages 1-4 then return to stages 2-4
What changes in sleep as we age?
Total time spent asleep decreases
Proportion of time in REM decline
Slow wave sleep (3/4) declines substantially
What stage can dreams occur?
Any stage of sleep
When are we more likely to dream?
REM
Why are we more likely to dream in the morning?
Our circadian rhythm is starting to ramp up for the day
How did Freud’s Psychoanalytical theory viewed dreams?
Dreams are a source of wish fulfillment. Distinguished between manifest content (superficial) and latent content (symbolism)
How does Activation synthesis theory view dreams?
A by product of the neural activation that occurs in response to sensory stimuli as we sleep
What do Problem Solving Dream models propose about dreams?
Propose that dreams are an attempt to work through conflicts/issues/problems that were currently facing in our daily lives
What do Cognitive-process dream theories suggest?
Dreams are simply an extension of our normal waking state with many of the same properties
What does Anthrobus propose about dreams?
Dreams emphasize contributions from many cognitive modules
What do Psychoactive substances do?
Alter brain chemistry by crossing the blood-brain barrier and modifying synaptic transmission in some way, generally via one of the stages of neurotransmitter activity
What do Agonists do?
Increase activity of a particular neurotransmitter
What do Antagonists do?
Inhibit/decrease activity of a particular neurotransmitters
What are Examples of Agonists?
Opiates
Amphetimines
What do Opiates do?
Bine to opioid receptors (which normally bind to endorphins) activating them producing analgesic effects, as well as feelings of reward
What do Amphetamines do?
Bind to various kinds of receptors, stimulating the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as blocking their re-uptake
What are examples of Antagonists?
Antipsychotics
Naloxone
How do Antipsychotics work?
Antipsychotics work by binding to dopamine receptors which prevents other substances (like actual dopamines) from binding and exerting their own effects
How does Naloxone work?
Binds to opioid receptors, thereby neutralizing the effects of circulating opioids by preventing them from binding to those same receptors
What is Tolerance?
Decrease in response to drug, whereby larger doses are needed to achieve similar effects
What is Compensatory responses?
Physiological reactions opposite to that of drug
What is Withdrawal?
Strong physiological reactions that are opposite to those which are associated with the drug one is withdrawing from
How does environment become associated with drug use?
Through classic conditioning mechanisms which can result in various cues triggering compensatory responses
What is the historic distinction between substances that are physiologically addicting and psychologically addicting?
Physiologically affecting causes withdrawal and the other does not
