Lecture 22

Question 1

What stage of sleep do Night Terrors usually occure?

Answer 1

Stage 3 or 4

Question 2

What stages occur after falling asleep?

Answer 2

We experience stages 1-4 then return to stages 2-4

Question 3

What changes in sleep as we age?

Answer 3

Total time spent asleep decreases
Proportion of time in REM decline
Slow wave sleep (3/4) declines substantially

Question 4

What stage can dreams occur?

Answer 4

Any stage of sleep

Question 5

When are we more likely to dream?

Answer 5

REM

Question 6

Why are we more likely to dream in the morning?

Answer 6

Our circadian rhythm is starting to ramp up for the day

Question 7

How did Freud’s Psychoanalytical theory viewed dreams?

Answer 7

Dreams are a source of wish fulfillment. Distinguished between manifest content (superficial) and latent content (symbolism)

Question 8

How does Activation synthesis theory view dreams?

Answer 8

A by product of the neural activation that occurs in response to sensory stimuli as we sleep

Question 9

What do Problem Solving Dream models propose about dreams?

Answer 9

Propose that dreams are an attempt to work through conflicts/issues/problems that were currently facing in our daily lives

Question 10

What do Cognitive-process dream theories suggest?

Answer 10

Dreams are simply an extension of our normal waking state with many of the same properties

Question 11

What does Anthrobus propose about dreams?

Answer 11

Dreams emphasize contributions from many cognitive modules

Question 12

What do Psychoactive substances do?

Answer 12

Alter brain chemistry by crossing the blood-brain barrier and modifying synaptic transmission in some way, generally via one of the stages of neurotransmitter activity

Question 13

What do Agonists do?

Answer 13

Increase activity of a particular neurotransmitter

Question 14

What do Antagonists do?

Answer 14

Inhibit/decrease activity of a particular neurotransmitters

Question 15

What are Examples of Agonists?

Answer 15

Opiates

Amphetimines

Question 16

What do Opiates do?

Answer 16

Bine to opioid receptors (which normally bind to endorphins) activating them producing analgesic effects, as well as feelings of reward

Question 17

What do Amphetamines do?

Answer 17

Bind to various kinds of receptors, stimulating the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as blocking their re-uptake

Question 18

What are examples of Antagonists?

Answer 18

Antipsychotics

Naloxone

Question 19

How do Antipsychotics work?

Answer 19

Antipsychotics work by binding to dopamine receptors which prevents other substances (like actual dopamines) from binding and exerting their own effects

Question 20

How does Naloxone work?

Answer 20

Binds to opioid receptors, thereby neutralizing the effects of circulating opioids by preventing them from binding to those same receptors

Question 21

What is Tolerance?

Answer 21

Decrease in response to drug, whereby larger doses are needed to achieve similar effects

Question 22

What is Compensatory responses?

Answer 22

Physiological reactions opposite to that of drug

Question 23

What is Withdrawal?

Answer 23

Strong physiological reactions that are opposite to those which are associated with the drug one is withdrawing from

Question 24

How does environment become associated with drug use?

Answer 24

Through classic conditioning mechanisms which can result in various cues triggering compensatory responses

Question 25

What is the historic distinction between substances that are physiologically addicting and psychologically addicting?

Answer 25

Physiologically affecting causes withdrawal and the other does not