Lecture 23

Question 1

How do depressants work?

Answer 1

They reduce nervous system activity and can induce a more relaxed state. In higher doses it can inhibit critical systems to the point of danger/death

Question 2

What does alcohol do?

Answer 2

First increases GABA and then decreases glutamate activity

Question 3

What is alcohol myopia?

Answer 3

Reduction in cognitive function associated with alcohol

Question 4

What are Barbiturates and tranquilizers?

Answer 4

Broad categories of drugs that are widely used both clinically and recreationally

Question 5

What are Barbiturates and Tranquilizers prescribed for?

Answer 5

Anti-anxiety/anxiolytics properties, as asleep aid and to prevent seizures

Question 6

How do Barbiturates and Tranquilizers work?

Answer 6

Increasing the activity of GABA, highly addictive

Question 7

How do stimulants wok?

Answer 7

They increase neural firing and general nervous system activity (BP, HR, respiration, feeling of alertness)

Question 8

What do Amphetamines do?

Answer 8

Increase dopamine and norepinephrine

Question 9

What are Amphetamines prescribed for?

Answer 9

ADD/ADHD, fatigue

Question 10

What is amphetamine psychosis?

Answer 10

Schizophrenia-like symptoms that result from an excess of dopaminergic activity

Question 11

Crystal methamphetamine?

Answer 11

A particularly potent and typically very impure form of amphetamine

Question 12

What does Coca do?

Answer 12

Blocks norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake

Question 13

What is the powdered for of Coca?

Answer 13

Cocaine

Question 14

What does MDMA do?

Answer 14

Affects a wide range of behaviours, processes and emotions (e.g feelings of well-being, empathy, social connection, sensory perception, etc.)

Question 15

What does MDMA cause?

Answer 15

Causes release, and blocks re-uptake, or serotonin. Also affects dopamine

Question 16

What are examples of Opiates?

Answer 16

Morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycontin, fentanyl

Question 17

What do opiates bind to?

Answer 17

The same receptors of endorphins, accounting for the analgesic effects (pain relief)

Question 18

What do Hallucinogens do?

Answer 18

Distort and or intensify sensory experience and modify cognition, typically affecting serotonergic activity

Question 19

Where is Psilocybin found?

Answer 19

Various mushrooms

Question 20

Where is Mescaline found?

Answer 20

Various cacti

Question 21

How is LSD synthesized?

Answer 21

Via a slight modification of a naturally occurring compound, similar effects as psilocybin/mescaline but longer duration

Question 22

What is DMT?

Answer 22

A naturally occurring compound found in a range of plants, associated with particularly intense effects that last for a short time

Question 23

What do Cannabinoids effect?

Answer 23

A wide range of behaviours and processes (e.g. sleep, appetite, pain, mood, memory, attention, etc.)

Question 24

What do the effects of drugs on an individual depend on?

Answer 24

Genes
Physical and social setting
Culture
Beliefs and expectations
Personality factors

Question 25

What is Hypnosis?

Answer 25

A state of heightened suggestibility, in which people may experience imagined situations as if they were real

Question 26

What is Hypnotic susceptibility?

Answer 26

Used after induction to gauge responsiveness to hypnotic suggestion. involves a series of questions about behaviour that are coded as pass/ fail

Question 27

What are Dissociation theories?

Answer 27

The idea that hypnosis enables a division of awareness with two streams of consciousness that are cut of from each other

Question 28

What do Social Cognitive theories say?

Answer 28

Hypnotic experiences result from expectation rather than being a distinct state of consciousness