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KIN 207 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 body systems?

A
  • skeletal system
  • muscular system
  • adipose system
  • endocrine system
  • nervous system
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2
Q

Body systems are influenced by _____ factors.

A

extrinsic

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3
Q

Skeletal system for embryo:

A

cartilage model

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4
Q

Primary ossification:

A

prenatal

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5
Q

Secondary ossification:

A

postnatal

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6
Q

____ ossify faster, complete earlier.

A

girls

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7
Q

Scoliosis ratio:

A

11:1

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8
Q

Length in postnatal growth:

A
  • secondary centres

- epiphyseal, growth, or pressure epiphyses

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9
Q

Diameter in postnatal growth:

A

appositional

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10
Q

Traction epiphyses:

A

A secondary centre of ossification forming at the attachment site of a tendon.

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11
Q

When does growth at the epiphyseal plates stop?

A
  • stops at different times for different bones
  • all typically close by age 18-19
  • closure occurs at younger age in girls
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12
Q

Bone undergoes ______ throughout the ______.

A
  • remodelling

- life span

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13
Q

In the skeletal system in adults, old bone is _____, new bone is _____.

A
  • absorbed

- formed

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14
Q

In adulthood, bone growth _____, fails to keep pace with _____.

A
  • slows

- reabsorption

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15
Q

As we get old, our bones become more _____.

A

brittle

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16
Q

Hip dysplasia in newborn:

A
  • congenital
  • 1 in 100 affected
  • acetabulum underdeveloped Cf. head of femur (blood supply to 2nd ossification)
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17
Q

What are the causes of hip dysplasia in newborn?

A
  • large fetus
  • 1st pregnancy
  • breech swaddling
  • 4:1 (female:male)
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18
Q

How can we tell if a baby has hip dysplasia?

A
  • feel for laxity

- asymmetry of bum creases

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19
Q

How do we fix hip dysplasia in a newborn?

A
  • self resolve (6 weeks)

- after 6 weeks, use harness (maximize contact at ball and socket)

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20
Q

Prenatal growth involves _____ and _____.

A
  • hyperplasia

- hypertrophy

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21
Q

Prenatal growth mainly involves _____.

A

hypertrophy

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22
Q

Muscle growth follows _____ pattern.

A

sigmoid

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23
Q

Differences between the sexes become marked in ______ (especially in …)

A
  • adolescence

- upper body musculature

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24
Q

Adult muscle is composed of what muscle fibre type?

A
  • type I
  • type IIa
  • type IIx
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25
Q

At birth, ______% of fibres are undifferentiated.

A

15-20%

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26
Q

By age ___, distribution of muscle fibre type is similar to adult distributions.

A

age 1

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27
Q

Loss of muscle mass is minimal until age ____.

A

50

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28
Q

By age ____, average ____% of muscle mass is lost.

A
  • 80

- 30%

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29
Q

Muscle loss occurs in _____ and _____ of muscle fibres.

A
  • number

- size

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30
Q

Size of muscle fibres usually decreases after the age ____.

A

70

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31
Q

Do type II fibres undergo greater loss?

A

unclear

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32
Q

How to test for sarcopenia?

A

simple quick muscle strength test is sufficient

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33
Q

Sarcopenia:

A
  • flesh deficiency

- loss of muscle tissue as a result of aging

34
Q

Some fat is needed for…

A
  • energy storage
  • insulation
  • protection
35
Q

Fat increases rapidly until age ____, then gradually until age _____.

A
  • 6 months

- 8 years

36
Q

In adolescence, _____ increase fat more dramatically than ____ do.

A
  • girls

- boys

37
Q

Fat growth is by _____ and _____.

A
  • hyperplasia (HP)

- hypertrophy (HT)

38
Q

Body fat distribution changes with _____.

A

growth

39
Q

Children have more ____ than ______ fat.

A
  • internal

- subcutaneous

40
Q

Subcutaneous fat increases from age ____ years until age _____ in boys and girls.

A
  • age 6-7

- age 12-13

41
Q

Subcutaneous fat continues to increase after age 13 in ____.

A

girls

42
Q

Both men and women tend to _____ fat during adulthood, but this is not _____.

A
  • gain

- inevitable

43
Q

In adulthood, increases in _____ fat are notable, but _______ fat on ____ tends to decrease.

A
  • trunk
  • subcutaneous
  • limbs
44
Q

GH is secreted by:

A

anterior pituitary

45
Q

GH is necessary for:

A

normal growth

46
Q

Deficiency of GH can result it:

A

growth abnormality

47
Q

Thyroid hormones are secreted by:

A

thyroid gland

48
Q

Thyroid hormones influence:

A

whole-body growth

49
Q

One of the THs play a role in:

A

skeletal growth

50
Q

Gonadal hormones have influence on:

A
  • growth
  • sexual maturation (sex organs)
  • secondary sex characteristics
51
Q

2 types of gonadal hormones:

A
  • androgens

- estrogen

52
Q

Androgens secreted by:

A
  • testes (boys)

- adrenal glands (boys, girls)

53
Q

What do androgens do?

A
  • hasten epiphyseal growth plate closure

- promote growth of muscle mass

54
Q

Estrogen secreted by:

A
  • ovaries (girls)

- adrenal cortex (girls, boys)

55
Q

What does estrogen do?

A
  • hastens epiphyseal growth plate closure

- promotes accumulation of fat

56
Q

Too much cortisol puts you at risk for:

A

cushing’s syndrome

57
Q

Not enough cortisol puts you at risk for

A

addison’s disease

58
Q

In the nervous system, ____ direct its development.

A

geners

59
Q

In the nervous system, _____ factors exert influence, especially in the formation of _____ _____.

A
  • extrinsic

- synaptic connections

60
Q

Prenatal neural development generally includes:

A
  • neuron formation
  • differentiation into general type
  • migration
61
Q

Prenatal neural development: once in place, neurons develop an _____ to carry signals to ____, _____, _____, _____

A
  • axon
  • neurons
  • glands
  • organs
  • muscles
62
Q

______ might disturb normal migration and branching.

A

teratogens

63
Q

Late in the prenatal period, neurons start to fire _____ _____.

A
  • electrical impulses

- first at random, then forming circuits

64
Q

In early neural development, experience might play role in _____ _____.

A
  • synaptic proliferation

- strengthening some connections, weakening others

65
Q

In early neural development, _____ ____ becomes more efficient with experience.

A

neural network

66
Q

What did Sur do?

A

make retinal ganglion cells grow to auditory cortex instead of visual cortex

67
Q

Cortical arealization:

A

nerve cells in the auditory cortex behave like those found in the visual cortex

68
Q

Brain growth increases rapidly after _____.

A

birth

69
Q

Postnatal neurological growth involves these factors:

A
  • increase in size of neurons
  • prolific branching to form synapses
  • increases in glial cell for support and nourishment of neurons
  • increases in myelin to insulate axons
70
Q

Stimulation of learning increases …

A

number of synaptic connections

71
Q

Development is normally ______ but in this case ____ ____ first (opposite).

A
  • cephalocaudal

- spinal cord

72
Q

Myelination of axons allows:

A

faster conduction of neural impulses

73
Q

From 15-45 we have ______ while from 45-75 we have _____.

A
  • development (myelination)

- degeneration (demyelination)

74
Q

Nervous system: aging involves loss of:

A
  • neurons
  • dendrites
  • synapses
  • neurotransmitters
  • myelin
75
Q

One theory of aging suggests that ____ in neural network links cause ____ and therefore _____.

A
  • breaks
  • detours
  • slowing
76
Q

Exercise promotes improved ____ function in nervous system in older adults.

A

cognitive

77
Q

4 different cognitive tasks:

A
  • executive
  • controlled
  • spatial
  • speed
78
Q

Systems _____ as they develop and age.

A

interact

79
Q

During periods of rapid change, a system might be more sensitive to ____ ____.

A

extrinsic factors

80
Q

Extrinsic factors play a _____ role (genetic factors _____ role) as one moves through life.

A
  • greater

- lesser

81
Q

Model of constraints shows that a system can act as a ___ _____ (during growth) or as a ______ (of aging).

A
  • rate limiter

- accelerator

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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