Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Contemporary research in motor development often uses an ecological perspective to:
A
- describe
- explain
- predict change
2
Q
Maturationists believe that:
A
- Genetics and hereditary are primarily responsible for motor development
- Environment has little effect
- Through CNS control or dictate motor development
3
Q
Maturationists believe that motor development is a:
A
- internal/innate process
- driven by biological or genetic time clock
- environment may speed or slow the process, but cannot change the biologically determined course
4
Q
Maturational perspective was popular during the _____.
A
1930s
5
Q
Maturational perspective was led by ____ and ____.
A
- Arnold Gesell
- Myrtle McGraw
6
Q
Gesell believed that _____ and ______ ____ determined their ____, ______ sequence of development.
A
- biological
- evolutionary history
- orderly
- invariable
7
Q
Maturation is controlled by _____ rather than _____ factors.
A
- internal
- external
8
Q
What is the co-twin control strategy?
A
- 1 twin gets special training, other twin gets no training
- identical twins
9
Q
What was the conclusion of the co-twin control strategy?
A
children develop in a orderly fashion (predictable, predetermined)
10
Q
What was the use of the co-twin control strategy?
A
- begin identifying the sequence of skill development - noting variations in the rate of skill onset
11
Q
Who used the co-twin control strategy?
A
Arnold Gesell
12
Q
What was Myrtle McGraw’s study?
A
- used fraternal twins to examine influence of enhanced experience on motor development
- Johnny and Jimmy
13
Q
Johnny and Jimmy study:
A
- Johnny got challenging environments and unique tasks at 12 months old
- Johnny excelled in certain motor skills but not in others
- no significant difference
14
Q
McGraw associated changes in motor behaviour with…
A
development of the nervous system
15
Q
McGraw believed that _____ of the _____ is the trigger for the appearance of new skills.
A
- maturation
- CNS
16
Q
Maturational perspective states that motor skills will _____ _____ regardless of differing ______.
A
- automatically emerge
- environments
17
Q
In the maturational perspective, development ends with…
A
the end of puberty
18
Q
Maturational perspective: ______ system was emphasized.
A
- nervous
- no other system was believed to have much significance
19
Q
What happened in the 1950s?
A
- education became concerned with standardized tests and norms
- average performance (quantitative scores)
- not much focus on developmental processes
- focus on products
20
Q
Who is associated with the biomechanical descriptive period?
A
Ruth Glassow
21
Q
What did Ruth Glassow do?
A
- biomechanical descriptions of movement patterns
- provided educators with info on age-related changes in motor development
22
Q
Information processing perspective is most associated with what time period?
A
1960s-1980s
23
Q
Who are the key contributors to the information processing perspective?
A
- Bandura (social learning)
- Skinner (behaviourism)
24
Q
How does the brain act like a computer in information processing perspective?
A
- takes in info
- processes it
- outputs movement
25
Information processing perspective studied many aspects of performance including:
- attention
- memory
- effects of feedback
26
Information processing researchers studied ______ ______ mechanism, and identified the processes that _____ _____ and change with _____.
- perceptual-cognitive
- control movement
- development
27
What happened in the 1960s?
- continued study of perceptual motor development in children
- proposals that linked learning disabilities to children's delayed motor development
28
What happened in the 1980s?
focus on development of sensory and perceptual abilities
29
Ecological perspective was primarily in the ____s.
1980s
30
_____ perspective is the dominant perspective used by motor development researchers today.
ecological
31
Ecological perspective stresses the interrelationships between the ______, ______, and _____.
- individual
- environment
- task
32
In the ecological perspective, one constraint may have _____ _____, but all systems...
- more impact
| - play a role in the resultant movement
33
Ecological perspective considers the interplay of ______ and ______ constraints.
- internal
| - external
34
2 branches of ecological perspective:
- dynamical systems
| - perception action
35
Dynamical systems is concerned with...
motor control and coordination
36
Perception action is concerned with...
perception
37
The 3 branches of the ecological system is linked by...
fundamental assumptions that differ from maturational and information processing perspectives
38
The ecological perspective considers motor development to be the development of _____ _____ rather than just _____.
- multiple systems
| - CNS (opposite of maturational perspective)
39
The ecological perspective say that _____ change over time and that development is a ____ _____ process.
- constraints
- life span
- doesn't end at the end of puberty
40
Cause of change in information processing perspective:
executive directs all movement and all change
41
Cause of change in ecological perspective:
central executive would be overwhelmed by directing all movement and change
42
Who is associated with dynamical systems?
- Kugler
- Kelso
- Turvey
- Haskins Laboratory
43
In the dynamical systems, organization of ______ and _____ systems constrains behaviour.
- physical
| - chemical
44
Give an example of dynamical system.
- due to hip joints and legs (skeletal) we tend to walk as opposed to crawl
- structural organization of body encourages (constrains) you to walk
- CNS doesn't have to make this decision
45
The dynamical system suggests that _____ behaviour is _____ assembled rather than ______.
- coordinated
- softly
- hardwired
46
Dynamical system says that interacting _____ in your body act together as a _____ ____. They believe in _____ _____ ______.
- constraints
- functional unit
- spontaneous self organization
47
Rate limiter/controller:
individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill
48
Since body systems do not develop at the same rate...
- each system is considered a constraint
| - the slowest system (rate limiter) for that skill controls the individual's rate of development at that time
49
Example of when body system is a constraint:
- muscular system for infant
- can't walk until legs are strong enough to support weight
- until they have strength, this discourages walking, encourages crawling
50
Dynamical systems allows for the study of development across the ______.
lifespan
51
According to the dynamical systems, what happens when a system declines to a critical point?
a change in behaviour occurs
52
Give an example of change in behaviour after a system declines.
deteriorated shoulder joint due to arthritis = loss of flexibility = limited overhand throwing ability = underhand throw
53
Who is associated with the perception action approach?
J. J. Gibson
54
When did the perception action approach emerge?
1960s-1970s
55
Perception action approach states that there is a close interrelationship between the _____ system and the _____ system, and that these systems _____ together.
- perceptual
- motor
- evolve
56
Perception action approach says you cannot study _____ independent of _____. In other words, we cannot study the _____ while ignoring the _____.
- perception
- movement
- individual
- environment
57
Affordance:
- when someone looks at a object, they directly perceive the function that the object will allow
- based on their body and on the object size, shape, texture etc.
58
Affordance states that people assess environmental properties in relation to _______, not according to ...
- themselves
| - an objective standard
59
Examples of affordance:
Ex. horizontal surface affords a human a place to sit, vertical surface does not
Ex. squirrel can rest on a vertical tree trunk, vertical surface affords squirrel a resting place
Ex. baseball bat affords an adult the opportunity to swing, but not an infant
60
Body scaling:
- process of changing the dimensions of the environment
| - environmental object in relation to the structural constraints of a performer
61
Body scaling is a good example of...
interaction between individual and task constraints
62
Give an example of body scaling.
- walking up stairs
- relate the length of legs, strength, dynamical ROM (individual constraints) to the height of the stairs (task constraint)
- change in constraints (injury, icy stairs) results in changes in the way they step
63
The perception action approach also rejected the notion of a _____ executive.
CNS
64
Perception action approach states that individuals perceive their environment directly by ...
- constantly moving their eyes, heads, bodies
| - optic flow field (space and time information)
