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KIN 207 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Contemporary research in motor development often uses an ecological perspective to:

A
  • describe
  • explain
  • predict change
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2
Q

Maturationists believe that:

A
  • Genetics and hereditary are primarily responsible for motor development
  • Environment has little effect
  • Through CNS control or dictate motor development
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3
Q

Maturationists believe that motor development is a:

A
  • internal/innate process
  • driven by biological or genetic time clock
  • environment may speed or slow the process, but cannot change the biologically determined course
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4
Q

Maturational perspective was popular during the _____.

A

1930s

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5
Q

Maturational perspective was led by ____ and ____.

A
  • Arnold Gesell

- Myrtle McGraw

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6
Q

Gesell believed that _____ and ______ ____ determined their ____, ______ sequence of development.

A
  • biological
  • evolutionary history
  • orderly
  • invariable
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7
Q

Maturation is controlled by _____ rather than _____ factors.

A
  • internal

- external

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8
Q

What is the co-twin control strategy?

A
  • 1 twin gets special training, other twin gets no training

- identical twins

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9
Q

What was the conclusion of the co-twin control strategy?

A

children develop in a orderly fashion (predictable, predetermined)

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10
Q

What was the use of the co-twin control strategy?

A
  • begin identifying the sequence of skill development - noting variations in the rate of skill onset
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11
Q

Who used the co-twin control strategy?

A

Arnold Gesell

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12
Q

What was Myrtle McGraw’s study?

A
  • used fraternal twins to examine influence of enhanced experience on motor development
  • Johnny and Jimmy
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13
Q

Johnny and Jimmy study:

A
  • Johnny got challenging environments and unique tasks at 12 months old
  • Johnny excelled in certain motor skills but not in others
  • no significant difference
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14
Q

McGraw associated changes in motor behaviour with…

A

development of the nervous system

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15
Q

McGraw believed that _____ of the _____ is the trigger for the appearance of new skills.

A
  • maturation

- CNS

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16
Q

Maturational perspective states that motor skills will _____ _____ regardless of differing ______.

A
  • automatically emerge

- environments

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17
Q

In the maturational perspective, development ends with…

A

the end of puberty

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18
Q

Maturational perspective: ______ system was emphasized.

A
  • nervous

- no other system was believed to have much significance

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19
Q

What happened in the 1950s?

A
  • education became concerned with standardized tests and norms
  • average performance (quantitative scores)
  • not much focus on developmental processes
  • focus on products
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20
Q

Who is associated with the biomechanical descriptive period?

A

Ruth Glassow

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21
Q

What did Ruth Glassow do?

A
  • biomechanical descriptions of movement patterns

- provided educators with info on age-related changes in motor development

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22
Q

Information processing perspective is most associated with what time period?

A

1960s-1980s

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23
Q

Who are the key contributors to the information processing perspective?

A
  • Bandura (social learning)

- Skinner (behaviourism)

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24
Q

How does the brain act like a computer in information processing perspective?

A
  • takes in info
  • processes it
  • outputs movement
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25
Q

Information processing perspective studied many aspects of performance including:

A
  • attention
  • memory
  • effects of feedback
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26
Q

Information processing researchers studied ______ ______ mechanism, and identified the processes that _____ _____ and change with _____.

A
  • perceptual-cognitive
  • control movement
  • development
27
Q

What happened in the 1960s?

A
  • continued study of perceptual motor development in children
  • proposals that linked learning disabilities to children’s delayed motor development
28
Q

What happened in the 1980s?

A

focus on development of sensory and perceptual abilities

29
Q

Ecological perspective was primarily in the ____s.

A

1980s

30
Q

_____ perspective is the dominant perspective used by motor development researchers today.

A

ecological

31
Q

Ecological perspective stresses the interrelationships between the ______, ______, and _____.

A
  • individual
  • environment
  • task
32
Q

In the ecological perspective, one constraint may have _____ _____, but all systems…

A
  • more impact

- play a role in the resultant movement

33
Q

Ecological perspective considers the interplay of ______ and ______ constraints.

A
  • internal

- external

34
Q

2 branches of ecological perspective:

A
  • dynamical systems

- perception action

35
Q

Dynamical systems is concerned with…

A

motor control and coordination

36
Q

Perception action is concerned with…

A

perception

37
Q

The 3 branches of the ecological system is linked by…

A

fundamental assumptions that differ from maturational and information processing perspectives

38
Q

The ecological perspective considers motor development to be the development of _____ _____ rather than just _____.

A
  • multiple systems

- CNS (opposite of maturational perspective)

39
Q

The ecological perspective say that _____ change over time and that development is a ____ _____ process.

A
  • constraints
  • life span
  • doesn’t end at the end of puberty
40
Q

Cause of change in information processing perspective:

A

executive directs all movement and all change

41
Q

Cause of change in ecological perspective:

A

central executive would be overwhelmed by directing all movement and change

42
Q

Who is associated with dynamical systems?

A
  • Kugler
  • Kelso
  • Turvey
  • Haskins Laboratory
43
Q

In the dynamical systems, organization of ______ and _____ systems constrains behaviour.

A
  • physical

- chemical

44
Q

Give an example of dynamical system.

A
  • due to hip joints and legs (skeletal) we tend to walk as opposed to crawl
  • structural organization of body encourages (constrains) you to walk
  • CNS doesn’t have to make this decision
45
Q

The dynamical system suggests that _____ behaviour is _____ assembled rather than ______.

A
  • coordinated
  • softly
  • hardwired
46
Q

Dynamical system says that interacting _____ in your body act together as a _____ ____. They believe in _____ _____ ______.

A
  • constraints
  • functional unit
  • spontaneous self organization
47
Q

Rate limiter/controller:

A

individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill

48
Q

Since body systems do not develop at the same rate…

A
  • each system is considered a constraint

- the slowest system (rate limiter) for that skill controls the individual’s rate of development at that time

49
Q

Example of when body system is a constraint:

A
  • muscular system for infant
  • can’t walk until legs are strong enough to support weight
  • until they have strength, this discourages walking, encourages crawling
50
Q

Dynamical systems allows for the study of development across the ______.

A

lifespan

51
Q

According to the dynamical systems, what happens when a system declines to a critical point?

A

a change in behaviour occurs

52
Q

Give an example of change in behaviour after a system declines.

A

deteriorated shoulder joint due to arthritis = loss of flexibility = limited overhand throwing ability = underhand throw

53
Q

Who is associated with the perception action approach?

A

J. J. Gibson

54
Q

When did the perception action approach emerge?

A

1960s-1970s

55
Q

Perception action approach states that there is a close interrelationship between the _____ system and the _____ system, and that these systems _____ together.

A
  • perceptual
  • motor
  • evolve
56
Q

Perception action approach says you cannot study _____ independent of _____. In other words, we cannot study the _____ while ignoring the _____.

A
  • perception
  • movement
  • individual
  • environment
57
Q

Affordance:

A
  • when someone looks at a object, they directly perceive the function that the object will allow
  • based on their body and on the object size, shape, texture etc.
58
Q

Affordance states that people assess environmental properties in relation to _______, not according to …

A
  • themselves

- an objective standard

59
Q

Examples of affordance:

A

Ex. horizontal surface affords a human a place to sit, vertical surface does not
Ex. squirrel can rest on a vertical tree trunk, vertical surface affords squirrel a resting place
Ex. baseball bat affords an adult the opportunity to swing, but not an infant

60
Q

Body scaling:

A
  • process of changing the dimensions of the environment

- environmental object in relation to the structural constraints of a performer

61
Q

Body scaling is a good example of…

A

interaction between individual and task constraints

62
Q

Give an example of body scaling.

A
  • walking up stairs
  • relate the length of legs, strength, dynamical ROM (individual constraints) to the height of the stairs (task constraint)
  • change in constraints (injury, icy stairs) results in changes in the way they step
63
Q

The perception action approach also rejected the notion of a _____ executive.

A

CNS

64
Q

Perception action approach states that individuals perceive their environment directly by …

A
  • constantly moving their eyes, heads, bodies

- optic flow field (space and time information)

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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