Chapter 6 Flashcards
In order to understand cognitive development in infancy, we need to understand…
motor development
It is important to recognize typical development in order to be able to recognize …
deviance (progression or regression)
Most newborn infants exhibit _______ and ______ movements.
- spontaneous
- reflexive
Toddler movements = _____, while Infancy,childhood movements =
- motor milestones
- gross motor movements become more refined
In newborns, some movements seem ______ and without _____, and appear without any apparent ______.
- undirected
- purpose
- stimulation
Often times, newborns move in a specific way every time they are ______ in a certain place.
touched
Infants are born with _____ that seem to slowly disappear as they age. They move with _____ actions that tie into _____ _____ and _____ ____ later on in life.
- reflexes
- discrete
- motor milestones
- intentional movement
Newborn movement classified into 2 general categories:
- random/spontaneous movements
- infantile reflexes
Spontaneous movements
- infants’ movements that occur without any apparent stimulation
- seem very different from walking, reaching
Examples of spontaneous movements:
- squirm
- thrust legs or arms
- stretch fingers and toes
Supine =
laying on back
Supine kicking:
spontaneously thrust their legs when in supine position
Supine kicking is associated with what motor milestone?
walking
Through analysis of position, timing, and muscular activity, they found that supine kicking is…
- rhythmical
- kicks have a coordinated pattern
- ankle, knee, and hip joints move cooperatively, not independently
Supine kicking resembles _____ and _____ of an adult walking step.
- positioning
- timing
How does supine kicking differ from walking?
- infant’s timing is more variable from kick to kick
- infants tend to move joints in unison rather than in sequence
- cocontraction for infants while adults alternate
Cocontraction:
infants tend to activate both the muscles for flexing the limb (flexors) and the muscles for extending the limb (extensors)
In regards to supine kicking, by the end of the first year, infants..
- begin to move hip, knee, ankle sequentially
- both alternating and synchronous kicks after 6 months
- developing more ways of coordinating 2 limbs
Newborn’s spontaneous arm movements show well-coordinated ______ of _____, _____, and _____ joints.
- extension
- elbow
- wrist
- finger
Spontaneous arm movements are not as _____ and ______ as leg kicks.
- rhythmical
- repetitive
Early arm thrusts are not identical to adult reaching movements, as it takes infants several months to…
begin opening their fingers independently of the other joints in anticipation of grasping objects
Arm spontaneous movements appear to be influenced by _____ constraints.
environmental
Rhythmic flapping of arms, kicking of legs have been termed ______, because of …
- stereotypes
- the underlying temporal structure of the movements
Other stereotypes of newborn movements:
- head and face (eg. head banging)
- fingers (eg. flexing fingers)
Stereotypes suggest that newborns may be…
- weak
- unable to produce intentional, precise, goal-directed movements
Unlike random movements, infantile reflexes are…
- involuntary movements that an individual makes in response to a specific stimuli
- sometimes these responses occur only when the body is in a specific position
- stereotypical movement response to a specific stimulus
- only seen during infancy
3 types of infantile reflex:
- primitive reflexes
- locomotor reflexes
- postural reactions
Primitive reflex:
involuntary response to a specific stimulation that is often mediated by lower brain centres
Generally, newborns exhibit ____ reflexes at birth. These reflexes tend to lose their strength over time until they disappear around ____ months.
- strong
- 4
Primitive reflexes vs. spontaneous movements:
Reflexes:
- Responses to specific external stimuli
- Specific, often localized
- Same stimulus will elicit a specific reflex over and over again
Spontaneous movements:
- Do not result from any apparent external stimuli
- Non specific, generalized
Primitive reflexes examples:
- palmar grasp
- asymmetric tonic neck reflex
Postural reactions aka
gravity reflexes
Postural reactions help the infant _______ maintain posture in a changing ______.
- automatically
- environment
Postural reactions generally appear after the infant is ___ months old.
2
By late in ____ year, these isolated postural reactions ____ ____ of their repertoire of movements.
- first year or early in second year
- drop out
Locomotor reflex:
- Appears similar and related to a voluntary movement
- Appear much earlier than the corresponding voluntary behaviours
- Typically disappear months before the infant attempts the voluntary locomotor skill