Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is motor development?
change in movement abilities over time
Motor development is…
- continuous (functional capacity)
- correlated with age
- sequential (orderly, irreversible)
Developmental epoch:
- a period of time over which development happens
- relative to chronological age
Prenatal stage:
conception - birth
Infancy stage:
birth - 2 years
Early childhood stage:
2-6 years
Later childhood stage:
6-12 years
Adolescence stage:
12-18 years
Adulthood stage:
18-50 years
Older adulthood stage:
50-70+ years
Reflexive phase:
3 month fetus - 6 months
Rudimentary phase:
birth - 2 years
Fundamental movement phase:
2-6 years
Sport skill phase:
6-12 years
Growth and refinement phase:
12-18 years
Peak performance phase:
18-50 years
Regression phase:
50-70+ years
Motor learning:
relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience
Motor control:
the neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of movement
3 approaches to motor development.
- precision of movement
- distinctiveness of beginning and end
- stability of environment
Precision of movement consists of:
gross and fine motor skills
Distinctiveness of beginning and end consists of:
- discrete (eg. javelin)
- continuous (eg. locomotion)
- serial
Stability of environment consists of:
- open (swim in ocean)
- closed (pool)
3 constraints in Newell’s model of constraints:
- individual constraints
- task constraints
- environmental constratins
2 types of environmental constraints:
- structural constraints
- functional constraints
Individual constraints means ____ the body (_____).
- inside
- internal
Structural constraints are related to…
the body’s structure
Examples of structural constraints:
- height
- muscle mass
Functional constraints are related to…
behavioural function
Examples of functional constraints:
- attention
- motivation
Environmental constraints:
- outside the body
- properties of the world around us
- global, not task specific
Physical environmental constraints:
- gravity
- surfaces
Sociocultural environmental constraints:
- gender roles
- cultural norms
Task constraints are _____ to the body.
external
Task constraints are related specifically to _____ or _____.
- tasks
- skills
Give 3 examples of task constraints:
- goals of task
- rules guiding task performance
- equipment
Longitudinal study design:
- an individual or group is observed over time
- study can require lengthy observation
Cross-sectional study design :
- individuals or groups of different ages are observed
- change is inferred, not actually observed
Sequential or mixed longitudinal study design:
mini longitudinal studies with overlapping ages
