Chapter 10 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
Sensation:
A
the neural activity triggered by a stimulus activating a sensory receptor
2
Q
Sensory nerve impulses travel along sensory ____ ____ to the ____.
A
- sensory nerve pathways
- brain
3
Q
Perception:
A
- a multistage process in the CNS
- taking info from sensory system and making sense of it
4
Q
Perception includes…. of information received.
A
- selection
- processing
- organization
- integration
5
Q
Identical ____ can yield different _____.
A
- sensations
- perceptions
6
Q
Visual development steps:
A
- receive (sensation)
- transmit (sensation: goes through neural pathways to each the cortex)
- interpret (perception)
7
Q
Infants have _____ _____ vision.
A
functionally useful
8
Q
By ___ ____ of age, vision is adequate for locomotion through the environment.
A
6 months
9
Q
Acuity:
A
sharpness of sight
10
Q
Early on there is a very rapid phase of increasing acuity during the ____ ____ and then it ____ ____.
A
- first year
- slows down
11
Q
Declines in vision have implications for…
A
- skill performance
- everyday living tasks
12
Q
Presbyopia affects ability to…
A
see nearby images (can be corrected with lenses)
13
Q
Older adults need more ____ in _____ environments because…
A
- light
- dim
- not enough light is getting through to the eye
14
Q
Symptoms of visual problems (any age):
A
- lack of hand-eye coordination
- squinting
- under or overreaching for objects
- unusual head movements
15
Q
Visual perception involves perception of:
A
- space (depth)
- objects (form)
- movement (motion)
16
Q
Perception of space requires perception of _____ and _____.
A
- depth
- distance
17
Q
For perception of space, information can come from:
A
- retinal disparity
- motion parallax
- optic flow
18
Q
Retinal disparity:
A
- we have 2 eyes instead of one and they are at different locations
- input is different
19
Q
optic flow:
A
- information about how quickly something is moving towards you or away from you - train tracks
20
Q
Motion parallax:
A
- flow pattern across retina
- things far away will move one way and things closer to you will appear to move in opposite direction
- tree, mountain, driving
21
Q
Infants have mechanics for _____ _____ and ____ _____.
A
- retinal disparity
- motion parallax
22
Q
By 6 months, infants perceive ______.
A
depth
23
Q
Depth perception is refined to adult-like levels in _____.
A
adolescence
24
Q
Object attributes:
A
- size
- shape
- motion
25
Perception of objects is based on information about _____.
edges
26
Edges are classified as either _____ or ____ ____.
- boundaries
| - not boundaries
27
Boundaries are assigned to _____.
objects
28
3 aspects of object perception:
- figure and ground
- whole and part
- shape and orientation
29
Figure and ground:
objects of interest seen as distinct from background
30
Whole and part:
- parts of a picture or object discriminated from whole, yet can be integrated
- parts and whole perceived simultaneously
31
Shape and orientation:
object recognized even if its orientation changes
32
Infants may use ____ and _____ more than ____.
- depth
- motion
- edges
33
Children refine _____-____-____ and ____-____-____ perception, especially under difficult conditions.
- figure-and-ground
| - whole-and-part
34
_____ reach adult levels of object perception.
preadolescents
35
Adult sensitivity goes ...
beyond that needed to perceive objects in the everyday world
36
Newborns demonstrate perception of size _____ with varying _____.
- constancy
| - distance
37
Newborns are sensitive to object ____.
shape
38
Newborns perceive ____.
faces
39
Children refine their ability to detect subtle changes in ____ _____.
object orientation
40
Some neurological mechanisms are dedicated to ____ ____.
detecting motion
41
Infants perceive _____.
motion
42
Perception of ____ and ____ of motion improves during infancy.
- direction
| - velocity
43
Kinesthesis arises from ______.
proprioceptors
44
2 types of proprioceptors:
- somatosensors
| - vestibular apparatus
45
Somatosensors:
- ones in the skin
- prenatal; newborn touch to face (rooting sucking)
- very early on
46
Vestibular apparatus:
by at least 2 months > labyrinthine reflex
47
Body schema test:
- stand with eyes closed
- abduct arms (parallel to floor, in line with shoulders)
- kids with developmental coordination disorder have a hard time doing this
- adding small weights to their wrists helps
48
Sensory neurophysiology functional at ____, and matures from ___ years.
- birth
| - 3-8 years
49
Research information on kinesthetic changes with aging is ____.
sparse
50
Kinesthetic changes can be altered in some conditions like _____ disease.
Parkinson's
| - passive movement of MCP joint or toe
51
Kinesthetic changes can be seen through decreased _____ _____ in feet (_____).
- tactile sensation
- diabetes
- vibrating insoles
52
Kinesthetic perception (KP) involves perception of these elements:
- single vs multiple touch points
- objects
- body
- limb movements
- spatial orientation and direction
53
Newborns can feel ____.
touch
54
Perception of touch _____ improves in early childhood.
location
55
Two-point discrimination:
- thresholds for discriminating between 1 touch and 2 nearby touches improve in childhood
- mature by about 6 years
56
Tactile localization:
- touch palmar surface of fingers, indicate with thumb of other hand
- mature by 10 years
57
Infants explore ____ and _____.
- manually
| - orally
58
Purposeful _____ ____ improves in childhood.
manual exploration
59
Body awareness includes:
- identifying body parts
- knowing body's spatial dimensions
- laterality
- lateral dominance
60
Identifying body parts consists of... and is mature by ___ years.
- head, shoulders, knees, toes
| - 9 years
61
Knowing body's spatial dimensions includes:
up and down > front and back > finally side to side
62
Up and down is understood by what age?
2.5-3 years old
63
Front and back is understood by what age?
4 years old
64
Sides or beside is understood by what age?
> 5 years old
65
Laterality:
- knowing sides of body are distinct
- children show adult-like responses by age 10
- labeling left and right improves in late childhood
66
Lateral dominance:
- preferring one eye, ear, hand, or foot over the other
- infants show preferences
- no evidence shows that pure dominance is necessary
67
Handedness is established around age ___.
4
68
Laterality: children with developmental delay often struggle to....
cross midline of body with hand and arm to complete a task on opposite side
69
We must be able to ____ a limb movement or _____ a limb position.
- reproduce
| - relocate
70
Perception of limb movements improves in....
late childhood (to about 8 years)
71
Directionality improves in ____ ____.
late childhood (6-12 years)
72
Transposing left and right improves in _____. This consists of...
- adolescence
- identify right and left for other agents
- look in mirror and use right and left
73
3 structures are involved in hearing:
- external ear
- middle ear
- cochlea of inner ear
74
External and middle ear develop when?
20-24 weeks
75
Cochlea develops when?
12-14 weeks
76
Infants' threshold for sound is _____ than adults' but allows detection of...
- higher
- normal speaking voice
- 60 dB
77
Rapid improvement in audition is seen in the ___ ___.
- first week
| - 500-1000 Hz
78
At __ ____, infants hear low frequency sounds well
3 months
79
Audition is adult-like by ___ months:
- 6 months
| - 20-20 kHz
80
Would infants listen more to speech or more to music?
not so much that they showed a preference for one or the other, just depends on the frequency
81
Infants show preference for...
mother's voice over voices of others. Not pre-mes
82
Auditory changes with aging:
- hearing loss (presbycusis)
- some loss might have physiological source
- some loss might result from lifelong exposure to environmental noice
- absolute and differential thresholds generally increase
- hearing amid a noisy background is more difficulty
83
Auditory perception involves perception of:
- location and movement
- differences in similar sounds
- patterns
- auditory figure and ground
84
Newborns turn in the ____ of sound and orient ____ to a sound.
- direction
| - visually
85
By age ___ children can locate even distant sounds.
3
86
Kids will orient to the sounds that they _____.
prefer (happier sounding things)
87
Infants can discriminate basic speech sounds at ____ age. Consonants:
- 1-4 months
| - p, b, m
88
Accuracy in ______ improves in early childhood.
discrimination
89
3 properties give rise to auditory perception patterns:
- time
- intensity
- frequency
90
Temporal patterns are perceived by age ____.
1
91
Intensity changes are detected between ____.
5-11 months
92
Simple auditory frequency patterns are discriminated when?
under 6 months of age
93
More auditory frequency patterns are detected by age ___.
1 year
94
Improvements are made throughout childhood in perceiving ____ and more ____ auditory patterns.
- longer
| - complex
95
Cocktail party effect:
.
96
Sensory systems are _____ at birth.
functional
97
Improvement during infancy is _____.
rapid
98
The level of function is sufficient for learning tasks facing ____ and _____.
- infants
| - toddlers
99
Infants possess ____ perceptual ability.
basic
100
_____ ____ and ____ ____ improve in childhood.
- subtle discrimination
| - complex judgement
101
Adults may have difficulty _____ if the senses are impaired.
senses
102
Events are perceived through various _____.
modalities
103
2 perspectives of intermodal perception:
- infants must learn how unique sensations from different modalities are related to one another
- infants must learn about the world from unified information coming through different modalities
104
Amodal invariants:
patterns in space or time that do not differ across modalities
105
Amodal invariants examples:
- ventriloquist effect
| - texture: see & touch
106
Perception integration involves...
simultaneous use of more than one sensory system (intersensory)
107
Intermodal perception:
the ability to translate (perceive) information from one modality to another
108
Cross-modal equivalence:
recognition of a stimulus as an equivalent match when they are presented in 2 modalities
109
Auditory-visual intermodal perception:
- newborns turn toward a sound
- discrimination of patterns across these modalities improves in childhood
- visual then auditory > better accuracy
- mature around 12 years
110
Intermodal coordination begins at _____.
birth
111
Performance of _____ ____ and ____ _____ improves throughout childhood and adolescence.
- matching tasks
| - subtle discrimination
112
Accuracy of performance is related to ....
order of presentation (easiest versions present visual information first)
