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KIN 207 > Chapter 10 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation:

A

the neural activity triggered by a stimulus activating a sensory receptor

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2
Q

Sensory nerve impulses travel along sensory ____ ____ to the ____.

A
  • sensory nerve pathways

- brain

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3
Q

Perception:

A
  • a multistage process in the CNS

- taking info from sensory system and making sense of it

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4
Q

Perception includes…. of information received.

A
  • selection
  • processing
  • organization
  • integration
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5
Q

Identical ____ can yield different _____.

A
  • sensations

- perceptions

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6
Q

Visual development steps:

A
  1. receive (sensation)
  2. transmit (sensation: goes through neural pathways to each the cortex)
  3. interpret (perception)
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7
Q

Infants have _____ _____ vision.

A

functionally useful

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8
Q

By ___ ____ of age, vision is adequate for locomotion through the environment.

A

6 months

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9
Q

Acuity:

A

sharpness of sight

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10
Q

Early on there is a very rapid phase of increasing acuity during the ____ ____ and then it ____ ____.

A
  • first year

- slows down

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11
Q

Declines in vision have implications for…

A
  • skill performance

- everyday living tasks

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12
Q

Presbyopia affects ability to…

A

see nearby images (can be corrected with lenses)

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13
Q

Older adults need more ____ in _____ environments because…

A
  • light
  • dim
  • not enough light is getting through to the eye
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14
Q

Symptoms of visual problems (any age):

A
  • lack of hand-eye coordination
  • squinting
  • under or overreaching for objects
  • unusual head movements
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15
Q

Visual perception involves perception of:

A
  • space (depth)
  • objects (form)
  • movement (motion)
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16
Q

Perception of space requires perception of _____ and _____.

A
  • depth

- distance

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17
Q

For perception of space, information can come from:

A
  • retinal disparity
  • motion parallax
  • optic flow
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18
Q

Retinal disparity:

A
  • we have 2 eyes instead of one and they are at different locations
  • input is different
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19
Q

optic flow:

A
  • information about how quickly something is moving towards you or away from you - train tracks
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20
Q

Motion parallax:

A
  • flow pattern across retina
  • things far away will move one way and things closer to you will appear to move in opposite direction
  • tree, mountain, driving
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21
Q

Infants have mechanics for _____ _____ and ____ _____.

A
  • retinal disparity

- motion parallax

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22
Q

By 6 months, infants perceive ______.

A

depth

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23
Q

Depth perception is refined to adult-like levels in _____.

A

adolescence

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24
Q

Object attributes:

A
  • size
  • shape
  • motion
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25
Q

Perception of objects is based on information about _____.

A

edges

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26
Q

Edges are classified as either _____ or ____ ____.

A
  • boundaries

- not boundaries

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27
Q

Boundaries are assigned to _____.

A

objects

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28
Q

3 aspects of object perception:

A
  • figure and ground
  • whole and part
  • shape and orientation
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29
Q

Figure and ground:

A

objects of interest seen as distinct from background

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30
Q

Whole and part:

A
  • parts of a picture or object discriminated from whole, yet can be integrated
  • parts and whole perceived simultaneously
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31
Q

Shape and orientation:

A

object recognized even if its orientation changes

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32
Q

Infants may use ____ and _____ more than ____.

A
  • depth
  • motion
  • edges
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33
Q

Children refine _____-____-____ and ____-____-____ perception, especially under difficult conditions.

A
  • figure-and-ground

- whole-and-part

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34
Q

_____ reach adult levels of object perception.

A

preadolescents

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35
Q

Adult sensitivity goes …

A

beyond that needed to perceive objects in the everyday world

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36
Q

Newborns demonstrate perception of size _____ with varying _____.

A
  • constancy

- distance

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37
Q

Newborns are sensitive to object ____.

A

shape

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38
Q

Newborns perceive ____.

A

faces

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39
Q

Children refine their ability to detect subtle changes in ____ _____.

A

object orientation

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40
Q

Some neurological mechanisms are dedicated to ____ ____.

A

detecting motion

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41
Q

Infants perceive _____.

A

motion

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42
Q

Perception of ____ and ____ of motion improves during infancy.

A
  • direction

- velocity

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43
Q

Kinesthesis arises from ______.

A

proprioceptors

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44
Q

2 types of proprioceptors:

A
  • somatosensors

- vestibular apparatus

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45
Q

Somatosensors:

A
  • ones in the skin
  • prenatal; newborn touch to face (rooting sucking)
  • very early on
46
Q

Vestibular apparatus:

A

by at least 2 months > labyrinthine reflex

47
Q

Body schema test:

A
  • stand with eyes closed
  • abduct arms (parallel to floor, in line with shoulders)
  • kids with developmental coordination disorder have a hard time doing this
  • adding small weights to their wrists helps
48
Q

Sensory neurophysiology functional at ____, and matures from ___ years.

A
  • birth

- 3-8 years

49
Q

Research information on kinesthetic changes with aging is ____.

A

sparse

50
Q

Kinesthetic changes can be altered in some conditions like _____ disease.

A

Parkinson’s

- passive movement of MCP joint or toe

51
Q

Kinesthetic changes can be seen through decreased _____ _____ in feet (_____).

A
  • tactile sensation
  • diabetes
  • vibrating insoles
52
Q

Kinesthetic perception (KP) involves perception of these elements:

A
  • single vs multiple touch points
  • objects
  • body
  • limb movements
  • spatial orientation and direction
53
Q

Newborns can feel ____.

A

touch

54
Q

Perception of touch _____ improves in early childhood.

A

location

55
Q

Two-point discrimination:

A
  • thresholds for discriminating between 1 touch and 2 nearby touches improve in childhood
  • mature by about 6 years
56
Q

Tactile localization:

A
  • touch palmar surface of fingers, indicate with thumb of other hand
  • mature by 10 years
57
Q

Infants explore ____ and _____.

A
  • manually

- orally

58
Q

Purposeful _____ ____ improves in childhood.

A

manual exploration

59
Q

Body awareness includes:

A
  • identifying body parts
  • knowing body’s spatial dimensions
  • laterality
  • lateral dominance
60
Q

Identifying body parts consists of… and is mature by ___ years.

A
  • head, shoulders, knees, toes

- 9 years

61
Q

Knowing body’s spatial dimensions includes:

A

up and down > front and back > finally side to side

62
Q

Up and down is understood by what age?

A

2.5-3 years old

63
Q

Front and back is understood by what age?

A

4 years old

64
Q

Sides or beside is understood by what age?

A

> 5 years old

65
Q

Laterality:

A
  • knowing sides of body are distinct
  • children show adult-like responses by age 10
  • labeling left and right improves in late childhood
66
Q

Lateral dominance:

A
  • preferring one eye, ear, hand, or foot over the other
  • infants show preferences
  • no evidence shows that pure dominance is necessary
67
Q

Handedness is established around age ___.

A

4

68
Q

Laterality: children with developmental delay often struggle to….

A

cross midline of body with hand and arm to complete a task on opposite side

69
Q

We must be able to ____ a limb movement or _____ a limb position.

A
  • reproduce

- relocate

70
Q

Perception of limb movements improves in….

A

late childhood (to about 8 years)

71
Q

Directionality improves in ____ ____.

A

late childhood (6-12 years)

72
Q

Transposing left and right improves in _____. This consists of…

A
  • adolescence
  • identify right and left for other agents
  • look in mirror and use right and left
73
Q

3 structures are involved in hearing:

A
  • external ear
  • middle ear
  • cochlea of inner ear
74
Q

External and middle ear develop when?

A

20-24 weeks

75
Q

Cochlea develops when?

A

12-14 weeks

76
Q

Infants’ threshold for sound is _____ than adults’ but allows detection of…

A
  • higher
  • normal speaking voice
  • 60 dB
77
Q

Rapid improvement in audition is seen in the ___ ___.

A
  • first week

- 500-1000 Hz

78
Q

At __ ____, infants hear low frequency sounds well

A

3 months

79
Q

Audition is adult-like by ___ months:

A
  • 6 months

- 20-20 kHz

80
Q

Would infants listen more to speech or more to music?

A

not so much that they showed a preference for one or the other, just depends on the frequency

81
Q

Infants show preference for…

A

mother’s voice over voices of others. Not pre-mes

82
Q

Auditory changes with aging:

A
  • hearing loss (presbycusis)
  • some loss might have physiological source
  • some loss might result from lifelong exposure to environmental noice
  • absolute and differential thresholds generally increase
  • hearing amid a noisy background is more difficulty
83
Q

Auditory perception involves perception of:

A
  • location and movement
  • differences in similar sounds
  • patterns
  • auditory figure and ground
84
Q

Newborns turn in the ____ of sound and orient ____ to a sound.

A
  • direction

- visually

85
Q

By age ___ children can locate even distant sounds.

A

3

86
Q

Kids will orient to the sounds that they _____.

A

prefer (happier sounding things)

87
Q

Infants can discriminate basic speech sounds at ____ age. Consonants:

A
  • 1-4 months

- p, b, m

88
Q

Accuracy in ______ improves in early childhood.

A

discrimination

89
Q

3 properties give rise to auditory perception patterns:

A
  • time
  • intensity
  • frequency
90
Q

Temporal patterns are perceived by age ____.

A

1

91
Q

Intensity changes are detected between ____.

A

5-11 months

92
Q

Simple auditory frequency patterns are discriminated when?

A

under 6 months of age

93
Q

More auditory frequency patterns are detected by age ___.

A

1 year

94
Q

Improvements are made throughout childhood in perceiving ____ and more ____ auditory patterns.

A
  • longer

- complex

95
Q

Cocktail party effect:

A

.

96
Q

Sensory systems are _____ at birth.

A

functional

97
Q

Improvement during infancy is _____.

A

rapid

98
Q

The level of function is sufficient for learning tasks facing ____ and _____.

A
  • infants

- toddlers

99
Q

Infants possess ____ perceptual ability.

A

basic

100
Q

_____ ____ and ____ ____ improve in childhood.

A
  • subtle discrimination

- complex judgement

101
Q

Adults may have difficulty _____ if the senses are impaired.

A

senses

102
Q

Events are perceived through various _____.

A

modalities

103
Q

2 perspectives of intermodal perception:

A
  • infants must learn how unique sensations from different modalities are related to one another
  • infants must learn about the world from unified information coming through different modalities
104
Q

Amodal invariants:

A

patterns in space or time that do not differ across modalities

105
Q

Amodal invariants examples:

A
  • ventriloquist effect

- texture: see & touch

106
Q

Perception integration involves…

A

simultaneous use of more than one sensory system (intersensory)

107
Q

Intermodal perception:

A

the ability to translate (perceive) information from one modality to another

108
Q

Cross-modal equivalence:

A

recognition of a stimulus as an equivalent match when they are presented in 2 modalities

109
Q

Auditory-visual intermodal perception:

A
  • newborns turn toward a sound
  • discrimination of patterns across these modalities improves in childhood
  • visual then auditory > better accuracy
  • mature around 12 years
110
Q

Intermodal coordination begins at _____.

A

birth

111
Q

Performance of _____ ____ and ____ _____ improves throughout childhood and adolescence.

A
  • matching tasks

- subtle discrimination

112
Q

Accuracy of performance is related to ….

A

order of presentation (easiest versions present visual information first)

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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