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KIN 207 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Ballistic skills:

A

skills in which a person applies force to an object in order to project it

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2
Q

Examples of ballistic skills:

A
  • throwing
  • kicking
  • striking
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3
Q

______ principles involved in projecting objects are basically the same.

A

mechanical

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4
Q

Common throws in children:

A
  • two hand underhand throw (granny throw)

- one-hand underhand throw

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5
Q

Type of throw used often depends on ____ constraints, particularly ____ and size of the ____.

A
  • task
  • rules
  • ball
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6
Q

Throws for distance often reflect not just _____ skill but also factors such as body ____ and ____.

A
  • throwing
  • size
  • strength
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7
Q

3 cons to product assessment for throwing:

A
  • need to vary conditions as children age
  • might be reflective of more factors than just throwing
  • measuring ball velocity at release requires special equipment
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8
Q

Characteristics of early overarm throwing:

A
  • restricted to arm action
  • no step
  • not much trunk action
  • elbow extension alone
  • little gain in mechanical efficiency
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9
Q

Proficient overarm throwing:

A
  • forward step and pelvic rotation
  • upper spine rotation and upper arm swing
  • upper arm inward rotation and elbow extension
  • release
  • follow-through
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10
Q

Backswing:

A

the backyard, or takeaway, movement to put the arm, leg, or racket in a position to move ballistically forward to project an object

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11
Q

Extending the arm just before release does what?

A

lengthens the radius of throwing arc

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12
Q

Dissipating force with a follow through when throwing allows….

A

maximal speed of movement

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13
Q

Who is associated with coming up with developmental sequences of overarm throwing?

A
  • Wild

- Roberton

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14
Q

Validated developmental sequences:

A

sequences of advances in the performance of a skill that have been determined by longitudinal study and shown to fall in the same fixed order for all individuals

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15
Q

2 throwing sequences components that are validated developmental sequences:

A
  • arm action

- trunk action

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16
Q

Roberton determined that changes in developmental sequences accounted for more than ____ the change in velocity in throwing.

A

half

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17
Q

4 steps in foot action component in forceful throwing:

A
  • no step
  • homolateral step
  • short contralateral step
  • long contralateral step
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18
Q

Homolateral step:

A

child steps with the foot on the same side as the throwing hand

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19
Q

Short contralateral step:

A

child steps with the foot on the opposite side of the throwing hand

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20
Q

Long contralateral step:

A

child steps with the opposite foot over a distance of more than half the child’s standing height

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21
Q

Block rotation:

A

forward rotation of the lower and upper trunk as a unit

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22
Q

Differentiated trunk rotation:

A

lower trunk (hip section) rotates forward while the upper trunk (shoulder section) is rotating backward

23
Q

It is likely that _____ constraints and _____ development are the rate controllers in the development of throwing.

A
  • mechanical

- neurological

24
Q

Children can develop a skillful throwing pattern by age ____.

A

6

25
Q

Studies show a gap in skill between ____ and ____ for throwing.

A

girls and boys

26
Q

Throwing characteristics best observed from the front or back:

A
  • trunk-to-upper-arm angle
  • elbow angle
  • lateral trunk bend
27
Q

Throwing characteristics best observed from the throwing side:

A
  • the step
  • trunk rotation
  • upper arm and forearm lag
28
Q

To execute a maximum throw, the thrower must move many joints through a full _____ with _____ timing.

A
  • ROM

- precise

29
Q

Most older throwers:

A
  • short contralateral step
  • step 1 or 2 of humerus action
  • step 1 or 2 of forearm action
  • block rotation of trunk (step 2)
  • men generally had better form
  • some had shorter backswing
30
Q

Why do some older throwers have shorter backswing?

A
  • change in the musculoskeletal system (decreased shoulder flexibility, loss of fast-twitch muscle fibres)
  • pain
31
Q

The developmental sequences constructed for overarm throwing specifically address a throw for ____ rather than for ____.

A
  • distance

- accuracy

32
Q

Male throwers were categorized at significantly _____ developmental steps when throwing for accuracy than for distance.

A

lower

33
Q

Throwers use a _____ velocity in accuracy throwing.

A

slower

34
Q

In sports and games, throws are rarely made for ____ without some _____ constraint, or for _____ without the need for _____.

A
  • distance, accuracy

- accuracy, force

35
Q

Kick:

A

ballistic strike from the foot

36
Q

Characteristics of early kicking:

A
  • single action rather than a sequence of actions
  • no step forward with nonkicking leg
  • kicking leg pushes forward at the ball
  • knee of kicking leg bent at contact
  • retract leg immediately after contacting the ball
  • no trunk rotation
  • arms stationary
37
Q

Characteristics of proficient kicking:

A
  • preparatory windup
  • trunk rotation
  • kicking knee is flexed
  • running up the ball to build momentum
  • sequential movements
  • leg extends before contact
  • leg continues forward after contact to dissipate force (full ROM at hip)
  • arms in opposition
38
Q

Individuals will change their kicking pattern once a critical kicking _____ has been reached.

A

distance

39
Q

Children change kicking form when asked to kick _____ _____.

A

longer distances

40
Q

Ability to _____ ____ may be a key component driving developmental change in kicking.

A

generate force

41
Q

What to look for when observing kicking from the side:

A
  • placement of the support foot
  • ROM and precontact extension in the kicking leg
  • range of trunk motion
  • arm opposition
42
Q

Punt:

A

a form of kicking where an object is dropped from the individual’s hands before impact with the foot

43
Q

Which is more difficult? Kicking or punting?

A

punting

44
Q

Characteristics of early punting:

A
  • toss ball up rather than drop it
  • release ball after support leg contacts the ground
  • no step
  • arms drop to sides
  • rapidly extend kicking leg knee or bend it at right angle
  • hold foot at right angle (ball contacts toes)
45
Q

Characteristics of proficient punting:

A
  • extend arm forward with ball before dropping it as final stride taken
  • move arms to side after dropping ball then oppositional
  • leap onto supporting leg, swing punting leg vigorously
  • keep kicking leg knee straight, toes pointed
46
Q

Sidearm striking:

A
  • a form of striking where the arm remains at below shoulder level
  • ex. person swinging baseball bat
47
Q

Striking involves difficult ______ judgement.

A

perceptual

48
Q

Characteristics of early sidearm striking:

A
  • chops at ball by extending elbow
  • little leg and trunk action
  • facing oncoming ball
49
Q

Characteristics of proficient sidearm striking:

A
  • stepping into hit (linear force)
  • sideways prep stance
  • trunk rotation
  • full ROM
  • swinging in horizontal plane
  • extend arms before contact
  • linking movements: backswing, forward step, pelvic rotation, spinal rotation and swing, arm extension, contact, follow through
50
Q

Developmental changes in sidearm striking:

A
  • start sideways
  • trunk rotation
  • horizontal plane
  • grip
51
Q

Overarm striking:

A
  • a form of striking where the arm travels above the shoulder level
  • ex. swinging racket in tennis serve
52
Q

Characteristics of early overarm striking:

A
  • limited pelvic and spinal movement
  • swings with collapsed elbow = low point of contact
  • swings arm and racket forward in unison
53
Q

Characteristics of proficient overarm striking:

A
  • rotates both the pelvis and spine more than 90 degrees
  • hold elbow at an angle at start of forward movement
  • let racket lag behind the arm during forward swing
54
Q

Racket lag is…

A
  • consistent with open kinetic chain principle

- force generated by correctly timed sequence of movements

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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