Chapter 8

Question 1

Ballistic skills:

Answer 1

skills in which a person applies force to an object in order to project it

Question 2

Examples of ballistic skills:

Answer 2

• throwing
• kicking
• striking

Question 3

______ principles involved in projecting objects are basically the same.

Answer 3

mechanical

Question 4

Common throws in children:

Answer 4

• two hand underhand throw (granny throw)

- one-hand underhand throw

Question 5

Type of throw used often depends on ____ constraints, particularly ____ and size of the ____.

Answer 5

• task
• rules
• ball

Question 6

Throws for distance often reflect not just _____ skill but also factors such as body ____ and ____.

Answer 6

• throwing
• size
• strength

Question 7

3 cons to product assessment for throwing:

Answer 7

• need to vary conditions as children age
• might be reflective of more factors than just throwing
• measuring ball velocity at release requires special equipment

Question 8

Characteristics of early overarm throwing:

Answer 8

• restricted to arm action
• no step
• not much trunk action
• elbow extension alone
• little gain in mechanical efficiency

Question 9

Proficient overarm throwing:

Answer 9

• forward step and pelvic rotation
• upper spine rotation and upper arm swing
• upper arm inward rotation and elbow extension
• release
• follow-through

Question 10

Backswing:

Answer 10

the backyard, or takeaway, movement to put the arm, leg, or racket in a position to move ballistically forward to project an object

Question 11

Extending the arm just before release does what?

Answer 11

lengthens the radius of throwing arc

Question 12

Dissipating force with a follow through when throwing allows….

Answer 12

maximal speed of movement

Question 13

Who is associated with coming up with developmental sequences of overarm throwing?

Answer 13

• Wild

- Roberton

Question 14

Validated developmental sequences:

Answer 14

sequences of advances in the performance of a skill that have been determined by longitudinal study and shown to fall in the same fixed order for all individuals

Question 15

2 throwing sequences components that are validated developmental sequences:

Answer 15

• arm action

- trunk action

Question 16

Roberton determined that changes in developmental sequences accounted for more than ____ the change in velocity in throwing.

Answer 16

half

Question 17

4 steps in foot action component in forceful throwing:

Answer 17

• no step
• homolateral step
• short contralateral step
• long contralateral step

Question 18

Homolateral step:

Answer 18

child steps with the foot on the same side as the throwing hand

Question 19

Short contralateral step:

Answer 19

child steps with the foot on the opposite side of the throwing hand

Question 20

Long contralateral step:

Answer 20

child steps with the opposite foot over a distance of more than half the child’s standing height

Question 21

Block rotation:

Answer 21

forward rotation of the lower and upper trunk as a unit

Question 22

Differentiated trunk rotation:

Answer 22

lower trunk (hip section) rotates forward while the upper trunk (shoulder section) is rotating backward

Question 23

It is likely that _____ constraints and _____ development are the rate controllers in the development of throwing.

Answer 23

• mechanical

- neurological

Question 24

Children can develop a skillful throwing pattern by age ____.

Answer 24

6

Question 25

Studies show a gap in skill between ____ and ____ for throwing.

Answer 25

girls and boys

Question 26

Throwing characteristics best observed from the front or back:

Answer 26

- trunk-to-upper-arm angle - elbow angle - lateral trunk bend

Question 27

Throwing characteristics best observed from the throwing side:

Answer 27

- the step - trunk rotation - upper arm and forearm lag

Question 28

To execute a maximum throw, the thrower must move many joints through a full _____ with _____ timing.

Answer 28

- ROM | - precise

Question 29

Most older throwers:

Answer 29

- short contralateral step - step 1 or 2 of humerus action - step 1 or 2 of forearm action - block rotation of trunk (step 2) - men generally had better form - some had shorter backswing

Question 30

Why do some older throwers have shorter backswing?

Answer 30

- change in the musculoskeletal system (decreased shoulder flexibility, loss of fast-twitch muscle fibres) - pain

Question 31

The developmental sequences constructed for overarm throwing specifically address a throw for ____ rather than for ____.

Answer 31

- distance | - accuracy

Question 32

Male throwers were categorized at significantly _____ developmental steps when throwing for accuracy than for distance.

Answer 32

lower

Question 33

Throwers use a _____ velocity in accuracy throwing.

Answer 33

slower

Question 34

In sports and games, throws are rarely made for ____ without some _____ constraint, or for _____ without the need for _____.

Answer 34

- distance, accuracy | - accuracy, force

Question 35

Kick:

Answer 35

ballistic strike from the foot

Question 36

Characteristics of early kicking:

Answer 36

- single action rather than a sequence of actions - no step forward with nonkicking leg - kicking leg pushes forward at the ball - knee of kicking leg bent at contact - retract leg immediately after contacting the ball - no trunk rotation - arms stationary

Question 37

Characteristics of proficient kicking:

Answer 37

- preparatory windup - trunk rotation - kicking knee is flexed - running up the ball to build momentum - sequential movements - leg extends before contact - leg continues forward after contact to dissipate force (full ROM at hip) - arms in opposition

Question 38

Individuals will change their kicking pattern once a critical kicking _____ has been reached.

Answer 38

distance

Question 39

Children change kicking form when asked to kick _____ _____.

Answer 39

longer distances

Question 40

Ability to _____ ____ may be a key component driving developmental change in kicking.

Answer 40

generate force

Question 41

What to look for when observing kicking from the side:

Answer 41

- placement of the support foot - ROM and precontact extension in the kicking leg - range of trunk motion - arm opposition

Question 42

Punt:

Answer 42

a form of kicking where an object is dropped from the individual's hands before impact with the foot

Question 43

Which is more difficult? Kicking or punting?

Answer 43

punting

Question 44

Characteristics of early punting:

Answer 44

- toss ball up rather than drop it - release ball after support leg contacts the ground - no step - arms drop to sides - rapidly extend kicking leg knee or bend it at right angle - hold foot at right angle (ball contacts toes)

Question 45

Characteristics of proficient punting:

Answer 45

- extend arm forward with ball before dropping it as final stride taken - move arms to side after dropping ball then oppositional - leap onto supporting leg, swing punting leg vigorously - keep kicking leg knee straight, toes pointed

Question 46

Sidearm striking:

Answer 46

- a form of striking where the arm remains at below shoulder level - ex. person swinging baseball bat

Question 47

Striking involves difficult ______ judgement.

Answer 47

perceptual

Question 48

Characteristics of early sidearm striking:

Answer 48

- chops at ball by extending elbow - little leg and trunk action - facing oncoming ball

Question 49

Characteristics of proficient sidearm striking:

Answer 49

- stepping into hit (linear force) - sideways prep stance - trunk rotation - full ROM - swinging in horizontal plane - extend arms before contact - linking movements: backswing, forward step, pelvic rotation, spinal rotation and swing, arm extension, contact, follow through

Question 50

Developmental changes in sidearm striking:

Answer 50

- start sideways - trunk rotation - horizontal plane - grip

Question 51

Overarm striking:

Answer 51

- a form of striking where the arm travels above the shoulder level - ex. swinging racket in tennis serve

Question 52

Characteristics of early overarm striking:

Answer 52

- limited pelvic and spinal movement - swings with collapsed elbow = low point of contact - swings arm and racket forward in unison

Question 53

Characteristics of proficient overarm striking:

Answer 53

- rotates both the pelvis and spine more than 90 degrees - hold elbow at an angle at start of forward movement - let racket lag behind the arm during forward swing

Question 54

Racket lag is...

Answer 54

- consistent with open kinetic chain principle | - force generated by correctly timed sequence of movements