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KIN 207 > Chapter 16 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Strength:

A

the ability to exert force

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2
Q

Strength enhances performance of ____ and ____ skills, as well as ____ _____ activities.

A
  • sport
  • dance
  • daily living
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3
Q

Force is exerted against _____.

A

resistance

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4
Q

_____ or ____ strength if limbs move.

A
  • isotonic

- isokinetic

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5
Q

______ if exerted against immovable resistance.

A

isometric

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6
Q

When assessing strength, we must specify…

A
  • muscle group
  • movement
  • speed of movement
  • joint angle
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7
Q

Common isotonic tests use….

A

1RM

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8
Q

Common isometric tests use…

A
  • dynamometer

- cable tensiometer

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9
Q

Functional strength tests include:

A
  • chin-ups
  • flexed-arm hang
  • rope climbing
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10
Q

Muscle mass growth follows _____ pattern.

A

sigmoid

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11
Q

Force a muscle can exert depends in part on…

A

its cross-sectional area

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12
Q

_____ factors are also involved in muscle mass and strength.

A

neurological

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13
Q

Strength does not always change in parallel with ____ _____.

A

muscle size

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14
Q

Strength _____ as children grow.

A

increases

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15
Q

Boys and girls are similar in strength levels until …

A

age 13

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16
Q

Peak strength increases follow…

A

peak muscle increases

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17
Q

Among same-size children of different ages, more _____ children are stronger.

A

mature

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18
Q

_____ factors likely exert influence on developmental changes in strength (including…)

A
  • neural

- improved motor unit activation with maturation

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19
Q

Strength _____ ____ as children grow.

A

increases steadily

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20
Q

Rate of change (velocity) of isometric strength is similar before ______.

A

puberty

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21
Q

Males add more muscle mass in ______.

A

adolescence

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22
Q

Males are generally stronger, especially in the _____ and _____.

A
  • arms

- shoulders

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23
Q

_____ does not account for all gender differences (strength).

A

size

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24
Q

Strength: cultural norms can affect….

A
  • motivation

- habitual activity levels

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25
After growth ceases, increases in muscle mass are associated with....
resistance training
26
Strength generally declines gradually after the ____s.
30s
27
Muscle mass declines in the average _____ ____.
older adult
28
Loss of ____ may be greater than loss of ____ ____ (possibly due to changes in....)
- strength - muscle mass - fibre types - nervous system - vascular system
29
_____ ____ factors might be involved in declining strength.
muscular coordination
30
Some older adults do not lose strength: greatly affected by ______ and ____ _____.
- exercise | - activity levels
31
Prepubescents can increase strength with _____.
training
32
Improved ______ _____ plays a role in strength training.
neuromuscular coordination
33
Adolescents and adults can increase strength and muscle mass with appropriate _____ training.
resistance
34
_____ ____ can be increased with training over time.
muscle mass
35
Those with ______ _____ should be monitored for strength training.
cardiovascular disease
36
_____ is a period of steady increase in strength.
childhood
37
______ ____ continue a steady increase in development of strength.
adolescent girls
38
_____ ____ experience a spurt of growth in strength.
adolescent boys
39
Strength levels are stable in _____ _____.
young adulthood
40
Strength declines in _____ _____, _____ at first.
- older adulthood | - gradually
41
_____ can improve strength throughout the life span.
training
42
Strength is related to _____ ____ and _____ factors.
- muscle mass | - neurological
43
Flexibility:
the ability to move joints through full ROM
44
Flexibility can benefit ____ and ____ performance.
- sport | - dance
45
_____ _____ can be a factor in injury.
limited flexibility
46
Flexibility is specific to ____ ____.
each joint
47
Because flexibility is _____ specific, it must be ______ for each joint assessed.
- joint | - measured
48
In assessment of flexibility, a _____ is often used.
goniometer
49
How to use goniometer:
- axis is placed over joint centre | - instrument arm is aligned with limb at extremes of movement range
50
____ test is a common measure for assessing flexibility but has its disadvantages.
sit-and-reach
51
Infants and toddlers are ____ flexible.
very
52
Studies show that declines in flexibility start in _____.
childhood
53
Flexible people can _____ or _____ levels.
- maintain | - improve
54
____ as a group are more flexible than ____.
- girls | - boys
55
Why are girls more flexible than boys?
- flexibility exercises are socially acceptable for girls | - girls participate in activities stressing flexibility
56
In adolescence, flexibility is _____; some people...
- variable | - lose a significant degree
57
Adults generally ___ flexibility, especially in ____ ____ ____ and after age ____.
- lose - little-used joints - 50
58
Adults who maintain _____ for flexibility maintain their levels.
training
59
Training can ____ ROM in those with full range.
maintain
60
Training can _____ ROM in those with limited range.
improve
61
ROM probably reflects ____ and ______ more than _____.
- activity - training - age
62
Flexibility declines over the life span with ____ ___ (_____).
- limited use | - exercise
63
Flexibility training can restore ____ ____.
lost mobility
64
_____ can affect people of any age, but treatment must be ____ _____.
- arthritis | - age appropriate
65
Muscle _____ and _____ are related to each other.
- strength | - flexibility
66
Training programs can improve muscle _____ and _____ across the lifespan.
- strength | - flexibility
67
Reasonable levels of muscle strength and flexibility are important for _____.
everyone (not just athletes)

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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