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KIN 207 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Movements of inexperienced movers:

A
  • inefficient
  • jerky
  • separate, discrete movements instead of whole movements
  • optimize one aspect of the movement (eg. balance) at the expense of another (eg. speed) to increase likelihood of success
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2
Q

Principles of _____ and _____ act on all movements and movers.

A
  • motion

- stability

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3
Q

As movers become more proficient at skills, they use principles….

A

to their advantage

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4
Q

Certain physical laws of motion _____ your movements. Give an example.

A
  • limit

- gravity

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5
Q

How do individual constraints/characteristics of the performer influence the movement patter?

A
  • muscles have particular shapes and sizes

- nervous system coordinates muscle contractions

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6
Q

To develop skills, children and adults must learn to use ______ _____ to optimize performance.

A

movement patterns

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7
Q

How does growth complicate using movement patterns?

A

alters proportions

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8
Q

Movement pattern can change if any one of the _____ change.

A

constraints

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9
Q

Changing bodies =

A
  • changing individual constraints

- individuals must recalibrate the interactions between individual and environmental constraints

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10
Q

As kids grow, more _____ _____ become possible.

A

movement patterns

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11
Q

_____ or _____ can change individual constraints for either short or long periods.

A
  • injury

- disability

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12
Q

When injury or disability occurs, we need to relearn how to use ______ of ______ given their unique body _____ and _____.

A
  • mechanics of movement
  • structure
  • function
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13
Q

With _____ and ____ (maybe ______), new movement patterns may emerge that provide for better performance.

A
  • time
  • experience
  • technology
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14
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A
  • To move either yourself or objects, you must produce force
  • Will not move until force is applied
  • An object at rest stays at rest
  • An object in motion stays in motion until acted on by a force
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15
Q

Newton’s second law of motion:

A
  • F=ma
  • Acceleration of a person or object is proportional to the force applied to it
  • Acceleration is inversely proportional to its mass
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16
Q

We can use Newton’s laws to understand how to …

A

maximize performance

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17
Q

There is a relationship between _____ applied and the _____ over which you apply it.

A
  • force

- distance

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18
Q

We can improve performance by applying _____ over a greater _____.

A
  • force

- distance

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19
Q

Give an example of force distance relationship.

A
  • can throw farther by moving legs

- doing this can reduce compromises to balance (child)

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20
Q

How can we maximize performance with rotary/angular distance?

A

increasing body ROM = increased rotary distance over force applied = maximized performance

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21
Q

In most laws, there is a ______ level for each factor. Exceeding these can lead to….

A
  • optimum

- decrease in performance

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22
Q

Newton’s third law of motion:

A
  • For every action there’s a equal and opposite reaction

- Every force you exert on an object, the object exerts an equal force back on you in the opposite direction

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23
Q

Example of Newton’s third law of motion:

A
  • walking

- pushing down on the floor and the floor pushes back

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24
Q

When walking, adults tend to push _____ to propel them ___ and _____. Toddlers often push _____ instead of _____. Why?

A
  • backwards
  • up and forward
  • downwards
  • backwards
  • keeps their balance, forward progression is slow
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25
Q

For full force exertion, we want to exert force in ____ ____.

A

1 direction/plane

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26
Q

____ _____ of limb = max force

A

full extension

27
Q

Newton’s third law: When the upper body twists one way, the lower body…

A

twists the other way

28
Q

Newton’s third law: arm and leg movement:

A
  • oppositional

- 1 leg swings forward, opposite arm swings backward

29
Q

Rotational movement:

A
  • Limbs rotate around one or several joints

- Limb traces part of a circle when projecting an object (throwing, kicking, hitting)

30
Q

Relationship between velocity of rotating arm and velocity of projected object:

A
  • velocity of the ball as it leaves the player’s hand is dependent on how fast the player’s arm moves
  • also depends on length of arm and release point
31
Q

Object linear velocity is the product of…

A

its rotational velocity and its radius of rotation

32
Q

As children grow, their limb length increases =

A

increased projectile velocity (and distance)

33
Q

How to optimize rotational velocity and limb length:

A

extend limb at point of release (increase radius of rotation)

34
Q

Why not extend limbs all the time?

A
  • law of inertia
  • as limb length increases for a given mass, so does resistance to motion = amount of energy required
  • bending limb decreases the energy required to move the object
35
Q

Inertia:

A
  • object’s resistance to motion

- related to mass

36
Q

Sprinter optimizing rotational velocity and limb length:

A
  • fully extend legs before contact with ground = maximize projected velocity
  • bend limbs as they recover and swing forward = energy/effort conservation
37
Q

Batter (baseball) optimizing rotational velocity and limb length:

A
  • Conserve effort at the beginning by keeping elbows bent

- Just before point of contact, they extend their arms as fully as possible

38
Q

Maximal effort must involve _______ movement of body parts.

A

sequential

39
Q

Sequential movement says movement must be timed right so the ____ of each succeeding movement occurs just after the previous environment.

A

force

40
Q

Sequential movement of throwing:

A
  • step forward
  • rotate pelvis
  • rotate upper trunk as the throwing arm comes forward
  • extend arm
  • rotate inward
41
Q

Open kinetic chain:

A

correctly timed sequence of movements an individual uses to successfully perform a skill

42
Q

2 elements of sequential movement:

A
  • optimal sequence of movement

- timing of events

43
Q

In the skill development of children, there is a transition from using ____ action to executing skills in a patter of _____, _____ _____ sequential movements.

A
  • single
  • efficient
  • properly timed
44
Q

How do we absorb force when bending knees to land?

A

increases the time and distance of the landing

45
Q

To decrease the impact of a reaction force, you must either:

A
  • increase the time that impact occurs

- increase the area over which the impact occurs

46
Q

Force absorption is important for:

A

injury prevention when attempting a max performance

47
Q

People have difficulty optimizing performance from an _____ position.

A

unstable

48
Q

Sports that require max stability:

A
  • powerlifting

- golf

49
Q

Sports that requires maintaining stability while disturbing other’s stability:

A
  • judo

- wrestling

50
Q

Sports where athletes need to maintain balance in relatively unstable positions:

A
  • gymnastics

- ice skating

51
Q

____ and _____ are not the same thing.

A
  • stability

- balance

52
Q

Stable =

A

resist movement

53
Q

Balance =

A

ability to maintain equilibrium

54
Q

Standing on one foot while closing eyes means you have…

A
  • good balance

- bad stability

55
Q

In most cases increasing stability ______ balance.

A

ensures

56
Q

Maintaining ______ does not guarantee ______.

A
  • balance

- stability

57
Q

Stability can restrict _____.

A

mobility

58
Q

Stable = increased _____ of _____.

A

base of support

59
Q

Stability = keeping _____ of _____ low and…

A
  • centre of gravity

- inside their base of support

60
Q

Centre of gravity:

A

concentration point of the earth’s gravitational pull on an individual

61
Q

Maximum _____ might be needed first to increase mobility.

A

stability

62
Q

In locomotor skills, the person momentarily sacrifices ____ in order to move by _____ and ____ _____.

A
  • stability

- losing and gaining balance

63
Q

Young children, people with certain disabilities older adults, people learning new skills often try to improve balance by…

A
  • improving stability

- ex. young kids duck footing

64
Q

5 steps in using principles of motion and stability to detect and correct errors:

A
  • observe the complete skill
  • analyze each phase and its key elements
  • use your knowledge of mechanics in your analysis
  • select errors to be corrected
  • decide on appropriate methods for the correction of errors

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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