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KIN 207 > Chapter 11 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Why should we think improving perpetual motor skills would alter cognitive skills?

A

coactivation of prefrontal cortex and contralateral neocerebellum

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2
Q

Dopamine effects:

A

motor and cognitive functions

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3
Q

Perception develops ____ ___ movements skills.

A

ahead of

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4
Q

Movement skills are acquired with guidance from _____ ______.

A

perceptual information

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5
Q

New actions make new information (_____) available.

A

perceptions

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6
Q

Exercise stimulates ____ ____ that stimulates _____ and ____.

A
  • brain activity
  • learning
  • memory
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7
Q

Held and Hein (1963) study:

A
  • placed kittens in a merry-go-round, gondola, other able to walk
  • both had equivalent sensations but only one was able to move
  • motor skill development in the passive kitten was hindered
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8
Q

Bertenthal, Campos, & Barrett (1984); Kermoian & Campos (1988) study:

A
  • locomotor experience was provided to pre-walkers by baby walkers
  • locomotor experience, rather than age, was associated with response to heights
  • perception of spatial relationships was enhanced by locomotr experience
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9
Q

Association between the extent of self-produced locomotion and:

A
  • visual perception, especially spatial
  • motor development
  • folk physics
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10
Q

Ecological view: it is the ____ that is perceived.

A

affordance

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11
Q

Object permanence:

A

knowing an object still exists even though you can’t see it anymore

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12
Q

At about ____ age it seems kids can act on their ability to get the object.

A

8 or 9

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13
Q

At ____ months if both the action and the object are hidden they can’t figure out where the object is.

A

18

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14
Q

At ___ months old object permanence seems to be there but they can’t act on it.

A

8-9

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15
Q

Clear by ___ months that object permanence is definitely solid by this point.

A

18

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16
Q

Ecological view: it is the _____ that is perceived.

A

affordance

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17
Q

Affordance involve…

A

what the environment permits given the capabilities of the performer

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18
Q

Perception of affordances, according to the ecological view, says they are perceived _____,

A
  • directly

- without cognitive analysis of object characteristics

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19
Q

Describe perceiving affordances: visual guidance of stair climbing:

A
  • would they pick stairs that depend on their leg length

- kids wouldn’t try the big ones

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20
Q

Affordances incorporate _____ ____.

A

body scale

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21
Q

Body scale:

A
  • an individual’s size relative to the environment

- changes over the life span

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22
Q

Deprivation of movement can put individuals at risk of…

A

deficits in perceptual development

23
Q

Movement experience might influence survival of ____ _____ in early development.

A

synaptic connections

24
Q

Synesthesia:

A

senses combine due to a deficit in pruning neurons in development

25
Q

Sensory reafference:

A

what sensory feedback is due to my movement and what sensory feedback is due to something happening to me

26
Q

What challenges might infants with temporary or permanent motor impairments face in learning affordances?

A

can’t be passive (ex. passive kitten in gondola) because will end up with deficits

27
Q

Posture and balance is a part of ____-_____ _____.

A

perception-action ecosystem

28
Q

Posture and balance involves _____, _____, and _____ input from _____ and ____ receptors.

A
  • visual
  • auditory
  • kinesthetic
  • proprioceptive
  • vestibular
29
Q

Posture and balance are maintained in various situations including:

A
  • stationary and moving

- on various body parts and surfaces

30
Q

For children, ____ information is far more important than ______ information when maintaining balance.

A
  • visual
  • mechanical
  • the moving room experiment
31
Q

Posture and balance are specific to _____ and ____ constraints.

A
  • environmental

- task

32
Q

For balance during locomotion, we use ____ for reference:

A
  • frames
  • supporting surface
  • gravity
33
Q

How do we detect gravity?

A

inner ears, part of vestibular system

34
Q

The challenge with balancing during locomotion is to …

A

control many degrees of movement at the various body joints

35
Q

We stabilize our head on our ____.

A

trunks

36
Q

We stabilize head ____ in space.

A

position

37
Q

Assaiante model identifies 4 time periods:

A
  1. birth to standing
  2. standing to 6 years
  3. age 7 years through adolescence
  4. adulthood
38
Q

Assaiante model: birth to standing:

A

cephalocaudal direction of muscle control

39
Q

Assaiante model: standing to 6 years:

A

coordination of upper and lower body

40
Q

Assaiante model: age 7 years through adolescence:

A

refinement of head stabilization

41
Q

Assaiante model: adulthood:

A

refined control of degrees of freedom in the neck

42
Q

Younger adults on a moveable platform use ____ muscles to regain balance after small, slow _____.

A
  • ankle

- pertubations

43
Q

Ankle strategy:

A
  • muscles recruited distal to proximal

- head strategy: fixed relative to hip/trunk

44
Q

Younger adults use a ____ strategy to regain balance after larger, faster pertubations.

A

hip

45
Q

Hip strategy:

A
  • muscles recruited proximal to distal
  • common for unstable surfaces
  • head strategy: not with hip/trunk, fixed relative to gravity
46
Q

Balance changes with aging: older adults:

A
  • take longer to initiate a response to pertubation

- sometimes use the opposite pattern of younger adults

47
Q

System changes contributing to balance difficulty in older adults:

A
  • changes in sensory receptors
  • loss of strength
  • arthritic conditions in joints
  • slower nerve conduction speed
48
Q

All system changes that contribute to balance difficulty in older adults can be ____, meaning…

A
  • trained

- lots of training exercises can reduce the risk of falls

49
Q

____ training is most effective as opposed to even ____ training to reduce the risk of falls.

A
  • strength

- balance

50
Q

Balance improves with _____ in responding to pertubations.

A

practice

51
Q

Exercise programs that stress ____ and ____ reduce falls.

A
  • strength

- balance

52
Q

Actions are coupled with _____.

A

perceptions

53
Q

Movement experience is important to, and might facilitate, ____ _____.

A

perceptual development

54
Q

Perceptual system: _____ interactions demonstrate ______ of movement and ____ _____.

A
  • environment
  • interdependence
  • perceptual development

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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