Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Physical growth and aging is affected by a variety of _____ factors such as…
A
- extrinsic
- nutrition, disease etc.
2
Q
Universality:
A
identify patterns and relationships in the growth and aging of humans
3
Q
Give an example of universality.
A
- adolescent growth spurt
- genetic factors
- orderly, sequenced pattern (we know what to expect)
4
Q
Variability:
A
- individual differences
- individuals can each have unique potential/their own timing
5
Q
When looking at physical growth and aging, it is important to know both _____ ____ and ____ of _____.
A
- expected patter
- range of variation
6
Q
As individuals grow and age (_____ constraints), the _____ between the 3 types of _____ must change = ______ movements.
A
- individual
- interactions
- constraints
- different movements
7
Q
If we want the same movement throughout the whole lifetime, we need to change ______ or _____ to accommodate the changing _____ constraints.
A
- environment
- task
- physical
8
Q
Example of varying constraints to have same movement throughout life:
A
- dunking in basketball
- younger kids need lower nets to meet their jumping abilities
9
Q
The goal of educators and healthcare providers is to make motor tasks _____ _____. It needs to be achievable by…
A
- developmentally appropriate
- those at any age with any set of abilities or disabilities
10
Q
Growth begins when…
A
an ovum (egg) and spermatozoon fuse in fertilization
11
Q
_____ control early prenatal development, very _____.
A
- genes
- precise
12
Q
Genes then determine the _____ aspects of development and the _____ _____ development.
A
- normal
- inherited abnormal
13
Q
Growing embryo and fetus are very sensitive to ______ factors.
A
extrinsic
14
Q
Environment in which the fetus is growing:
A
amniotic sac in uterus
15
Q
Nutrients delivered to the fetus via…
A
mother’s circulation and placenta
16
Q
Even in the womb, _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____ interact in the fetus’ development.
A
- individual genetic factors
- extrinsic factors
17
Q
Detrimental extrinsic factors:
A
- abnormal external pressure applied to the mom’s abdomen
- presence of certain viruses and drugs in the mom’s bloodstream
18
Q
Extrinsic factors that affect the fetus’ growth:
A
delivery of all proper nutrients enhance growth
19
Q
2 phases of prenatal growth:
A
- embryonic growth (conception to 8 weeks)
- fetal growth (8 weeks to birth)
20
Q
Embryonic development begins with….
A
the fusion of 2 sex cells (ovum, spermatozoon)
21
Q
In embryonic development, ______ direct continuous development of the embryo in _____, _____ pattern.
A
- genes
- precise
- predictable
22
Q
In embryonic development, # of cells increases =
A
cells differentiate to form specific tissues and organs
23
Q
Differentiation:
A
process where cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs
24
Q
What happens at 4 weeks?
A
- limbs are roughly formed
- heartbeat begins
25
What happens at 8 weeks?
- eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, toes formed
| - human form has taken shape
26
Fetal development is characterized by....
further growth and cell differentiation of the fetus
27
Fetal development leads to...
functional capacity
28
In fetal development, continued growth of organs and tissues occurs in 2 ways:
- hyperplasia (increase in absolute # of cells)
| - hypertrophy (increase in the relative size of an individual cell)
29
In fetal development, growth tends to proceed in 2 directions:
- cephalocaudal
| - proximodistal
30
Cephalocaudal:
- Direction of growth beginning at the head and extending toward the lower body
- Head and facial structures grow fastest, followed by upper body, then slow growing lower body
31
Proximodistal:
- Direction of growth proceeding from the body toward the extremities
- Trunk tends to advance, then the nearest parts of the limbs, then the distal parts of the limbs
32
In fetal development, rate of growth increasing at about ____ months and continuing at that rapid rate until ____.
- 5 months
| - birth
33
Plasticity:
- Modifiability or malleability
- In regard to growth, it is the ability of tissues to subsume functions otherwise carried out by other tissues
- Capacity to take on a new function
34
Example of plasticity:
if some of the cells in a system are injured, the remaining cells might be stimulated to perform the role that the damaged cells would ordinarily carry out
35
Cells in ____ have high plasticity, meaning...
- CNS
| - structure, chemistry, function can be modified both prenatally and postnatally
36
The ______ system is the extrinsic factor that has the most influence on fetal development.
nourishment
37
Fetus is nourished by diffusion of...
oxygen and nutrients between fetal blood and maternal blood in the placenta
38
What else is exchanged in the placenta?
- CO2 and excretory byproducts
| - carried away in the mother's blood
39
The growing fetus needs:
- energy
- nutrients
- oxygen
40
Limited resources for a growing fetus means...
compromised needs of fetus
41
_____ health plays a role in prenatal development.
maternal
42
A woman who.... is more likely to meet the needs of the fetus. These people are at lower risk for...
- lives in better conditions
- adequate, safe food supply, protective, clean environment
- receives early prenatal health care
- illness and infections that might result in low birth weight
43
Women at ____ _____ ____ typically give birth to lighter infants.
lower socioeconomic levels
44
Low birth weight infants are at greater risk of...
- disease
- infection
- death
- in the weeks after birth
45
Some of the differences in birth weight among ethnic groups can be attributed to _____ _____.
- parental height
| - genetic factors
46
Abnormal prenatal development can come from either _____ or _____ factors.
- genetic
| - extrinsic
47
Genetic abnormalities are _____ and may be...
- inherited
| - immediately apparent or remain undetected until well into postnatal growth
48
Congenital defects:
abnormalities present at birth, regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic
49
Baby can inherit genetic abnormalities as _____ or ______ disorders.
dominant or recessive (including sex-linked)
50
Dominant disorders:
results when 1 parent passes on a defective gene
51
Recessive disorders:
occur in children who inherit a defective gene from each parent
52
Genetic abnormalities can also result from a ____ _____.
new mutation
53
How does a new mutation occur?
- Alteration or deletion of a gene during formation of the egg or sperm cell
- Irradiation, certain hazardous environmental chemicals may cause genetic mutations
- Can occur spontaneously without a known cause
54
What is the danger with advancing maternal age?
potential for genetic damage to sex cells increases
55
Example of familiar genetic abnormality:
Down syndrome
56
Down syndrome:
- trisomy 21
- egg or sperm cell keeps both chromosome 21s
- every cell in the resulting embryo's body will have an extra chromosome 21
57
Birth defects from Down syndrome:
- mental retardation
- distinctive facial features
- visual and hearing impairments
- heart defects
58
New mutations and inherited disorders can both result in:
- single or multiple malformations of an organ, limb, or body region
- deformations of a body part
- disruptions in development resulting from the breakdown of normal tissue
59
Other characteristics of genetic abnormalities:
- can affect one or more of the body systems
- many obvious at birth, some don't appear until much later
- vary considerably in appearance and severity
60
Teratogens:
Any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure
61
Sometimes even _____ ______, _____, and _____ can be harmful if their levels are too high or too low.
- necessary vitamins
- nutrients
- hormones
62
Specific effect that a teratogen has on the fetus depends on...
- when the fetus was exposed to the substance
| - how much of it they were exposed to
63
Exposure to a teratogen during a _____ ____ has a more significant effect.
critical period
64
Example of teratogen exposed at a critical period:
- rubella virus
- harmful if the embryo is exposed to it during the first 4 weeks of pregnancy
- the earlier the infection, the more serious the resulting abnormalities
- very early exposure can result in miscarriage
65
Some congenital defects result from the mere presence of a _______ ______ in the maternal blood.
harmful substance
66
How does the size of the substance effect whether or not the fetus is exposed?
- small virus particles present in maternal blood can cross the placenta
- drugs with molecular weights under 1000 cross easily
- drugs with molecular weights over 1000 do not cross easily
67
In general, it is good to avoid substances that might be _____.
teratogenic
68
Pregnant individuals should maintain a diet that...
supplies adequate but not excessive nutrients
69
Mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result in...
FAS
70
Birth defects from FAS:
- mental retardation
- heart defects
- facial joint
- limb deformities
- slow growth
- small brain size
- short attention span
- hyperactivity
71
For FAS, it is unclear when...
a small amount of alcohol consumption becomes an amount that affects a fetus
72
External factors affecting the fetus environment can also lead to:
- malformation
- retarded growth
- life-threatening conditions
73
Give examples of prenatal extrinsic factors:
- External or internal pressure on the infant, including pressure from another fetus in utero
- Extreme internal environmental temperature, as when the mother suffers from high fever or hypothermia
- Exposure to X rays or gamma rays
- Changes in atmospheric pressure, especially those leading to hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) in the fetus
- Environmental pollutants
74
The effect of prenatal extrinsic factors depends on the fetus' ...
stage of development
75
Postnatal growth proceeds in a _____ and _____ pattern.
- precise
| - orderly
76
In postnatal development, ____ _____ is increasingly obvious as individuals move through infancy, childhood, preadolescence, and adolescence.
individual variability (especially in the timing of landmark events)
77
Growth curves for height and weight show:
- rapid growth after birth
- gradual but steady growth during childhood
- rapid growth during early adolescence
- level off
- some variety
- slope can vary
78
What shape do growth curves for height and weight have?
S shaped (sigmoid curve)
79
What type of curves are growth curves for height and weight?
distance curves
80
A major factor in the timing and extent of growth is ...
sex
81
Sex differences in early childhood:
- minimal
| - boys are slightly taller and heavier
82
Sex differences throughout childhood:
- girls tend to mature faster than boys
| - at any given age girls as a group are more biologically mature than boys
83
On average, girls begin adolescent growth spurt at ___ years old.
~9 years old
84
On average, boys begin adolescent growth spurt at ____ years old.
~11 years old
85
Age at takeoff:
the age at which the rate of growth begins to increase
86
In height, children tend to maintain their _____ ____ _____ in comparison with group norms after they are ____ years old.
- relative percentile positions
| - 2-3
87
Large fluctuation of height after 2-3 years old could indicate...
- some extrinsic factor is influencing growth
| - need medical examination
88
Plotting the rate of growth shows us...
the age at which one is growing the fastest = peak velocity
89
Peak velocity:
age at which one changes from slow growth to rapid growth (age of takeoff) or v.v.
90
On average, girls reach peak height velocity during the ______ ____ _____ at _____ years of age.
- adolescent growth spurt
| - 11.5-12
91
In girls, growth in height tapers off at approximately age ___.
14
92
In girls, notable increases in height ends around age ___.
16
93
On average, boys reach peak heigh velocity at ____ years.
13.5-15
94
Boys height velocity is somewhat ____ than girls.
faster
95
Boys height changes approx ____ cm/year compared with ___ cm/year for girls.
- 9
| - 8
96
Boys height growth tapers off at ___ years.
17
97
Notable increases in height for boys ends by age ____.
18
98
Males have about ___ more years of growth than females. This accounts to ____ cm of height.
- 2
| - 10-13
99
Weight follows the _____ pattern.
sigmoid
100
Weight is very susceptible to ______ factors.
extrinsic
101
How is weight susceptible to extrinsic factors?
- Variations in the amount of muscle with exercise
- Variations in the amount of fat tissue with diet and exercise
- Disease can also influence body weight
102
Peak weight velocity during the adolescent growth spurt follows peak height velocity in adolescents by how much?
- 2.5 to 5.0 months in boys
| - 3.5 to 10.5 months in girls
103
The growth of various segment lengths and breadths can reach peak velocity _____ the individual reaches peak height velocity, but all reach their peak _____ peak weight velocity
- before of after
| - before or at
104
Commonly observed pattern with growth:
- first growing up
| - then filling out
105
How do velocity curves look different from distance curves?
- often have sections where the graphed line is decreasing
| - have peaks
106
What is indicated when a velocity curve shows the graphed line is decreasing?
rate of growth is slowing or decelerating
107
What do peaks on velocity curves mean?
- points at which the rate of growth changes from faster to slower
- peak velocity in adolescence
108
What can/can't we tell with regards to someone's height with a velocity curve?
- can't tell how tall someone is
| - can tell the age at which they are growing the fastest
109
First derivative of distance curve:
velocity curve
110
Second derivative of distance curve:
acceleration
111
Specific body parts, tissue, and organs have ______ _____ of growth.
differential rates
112
Body proportions at birth reflect the ______ and ______ directions of prenatal growth.
- cephalocaudal
| - proximodistal
113
How do newborns look different from adults?
- Head accounts for ¼ of total height at birth, ⅛ of total height in adults
- Legs: ⅜ for babies, ½ for adults
114
For newborns to have adult proportions, what has to happen?
- some body parts must grow faster than others during postnatal growth
- undergo growth spurt early in adolescence
115
Growth in height = increase in ____ length during...
- trunk
| - late adolescence and early adulthood
116
Boy's and girls proportions in childhood:
similar
117
How are female adult bodies different from male?
shoulder and hip breadth increase at about the same rate = shoulder to hip ratio is fairly stable
118
How are male adult bodies different from female?
substantial increase in shoulder breadth during their growth spurt = ratio changes as they move into adolescence = broader shoulders
119
Give an example of body form affecting skill performance.
even if a 5 month old is neurologically ready to walk, they are too top heavy with their big heads and skinny legs = hard to balance for walking pattern
120
Individual structural constraints are better understood because...
- specific tissues and organs grow differentially
| - postnatal growth of some tissues and systems follow unique patterns
121
The brain achieves more than ___% of adult weight by the time the individual reaches age ___.
- 80%
| - age 4
122
Physiological maturation:
developmental process leading to a state of full function
123
As children and youths get older they tend to grow in size and to mature in what ways?
- chronological age
- growth in body size
- physiological maturation
- all these proceed with their own timing
124
It is difficult to infer maturity from...
- age alone
- size alone
- or age and size considered together
125
Secondary sex characteristics:
Aspects of form or structure appropriate to males or females, often used to assess physiological maturity in adolescents
126
Secondary sex characteristics appear at a younger age in...
girls and boys who are early maturers
127
Secondary sex characteristics appear at a older age in ...
those who are late maturers
128
Why do girls secondary sex characteristics tend to appear sooner?
- they mature faster
| - enter adolescent spurt sooner
129
Secondary sex characteristics in girls:
- Menarche = first menstrual cycle (Average age: 12.5-13)
- Breasts enlarge
- Pubic hair appears
130
SSC in boys:
- Testes and scrotum grow in size
- Pubic hair appears
- No landmark, production of viable sperm is a gradual process
131
Individuals who are more mature are likely to be ....
stronger and more coordinated than those who are less mature (even at the same age)
132
Anthropometry:
science of the measurement of the human physical form
133
BMI takes into account ____ and ____.
- weight
| - height
134
Extrinsic factors that influence ____ _____ can especially have an effect on postnatal growth.
body metabolism
135
Growth is particularly sensitive to alteration by environmental factors during...
periods of growth (such as just after birth and in early adolescence)
136
Describe how early diet may have an effect on postnatal growth.
Generation R infants who were breastfed exclusively until 6 months of age had a lower risk of infection than those who were exclusively breastfed until 4 months and then partially after
137
Catch up growth:
Relatively rapid physical growth of the body to recover some or all potential growth lost during period of negative extrinsic influence
138
Catch up growth occurs when...
once the negative influence is removed
139
What happens to body growth during periods of negative influence?
body growth is retarded
140
Whether a child recovers completely from a negative influence depends on...
- timing
- duration
- severity of condition
141
Give an example of when catch up growth can occur.
- after a period of severe malnutrition
| - after a bout with a severe disorder such as chronic renal failure
142
Growth ends for humans when?
in the late teens or early 20s
143
How does the status and size of the body attained during growth years impact adulthood?
- not necessarily maintained
| - body size can change
144
How can body size be changed in adulthood?
- aging of tissues
| - influence of extrinsic factors
145
Example of extrinsic factor affecting body size in adulthood:
lack of weight bearing exercise and calcium in the diet could contribute to osteoporosis and a resulting decrease in height
146
Describe height in adulthood.
- aside from small changes, height remains stable
- men and women grow slightly in height into their 20s
- common for stature to decrease slightly over the adult years
147
Why does stature often decrease over the adult years?
- compression and flattening of the body's connective tissues
- especially cartilage pads between the vertebrae in the spinal column
- compression of the spinal column and decrease in trunk length
148
Why do bones lose density as we age?
result of progressive modifications in the protein matrix of the skeleton
149
Bone density loss is more severe in people with _____.
osteoporosis
150
Bone density loss can result in the collapse of ....
one or more vertebrae = loss of stature
151
Adults typically start gaining excess fat weight when?
in their early 20s
152
How is adult weight gain related to changes in lifestyles?
- Youth adults who begin careers and families commonly take less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals
- Adults who exercise regularly and eat wisely often maintain their weight or even gain muscle and lose fat
- Older adults sometimes lose weight as a result of inactivity and loss of muscle tissue. Loss of appetite.
