Lec Test 1 CH5

Question 1

relatively undifferentiated cells that grow into a new type of cell

Answer 1

Stem cells

Question 2

What are the four main types of tissue

Answer 2

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 3

What are the functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 3

Covers body and organ surfaces, lines body and organ cavities, forms some glands

Question 4

process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

Answer 4

differentiation

Question 5

the top of the tissue, exposed to the external environment

Answer 5

Apical surface

Question 6

tissue surface attached to the underlying tissue

Answer 6

Basal surface

Question 7

another term for stem cells

Answer 7

Mesenchymal cells

Question 8

state of epithelial tissue where they have no direct blood supply

Answer 8

Avascularity

Question 9

Characteristic of epithelial tissue that describes their ability to continuously replace itself

Answer 9

High regeneration capacity

Question 10

hold epithelial cells together

Answer 10

Epithelial junctions

Question 11

junction close to the surface, hold cells together at the surface

Answer 11

Tight junctions

Question 12

junction that hold cells together at the middle and bottom

Answer 12

Desmosomes

Question 13

junctions that connect cells and make a tube from one cell to the next

Answer 13

Gap junctions

Question 14

feature of epithelial tissue that secretes substances

Answer 14

glands

Question 15

type of glands that make things that are used inside the body and lack ducts, eg hormones

Answer 15

Endocrine glands

Question 16

type of glands that make things use outside the body and have ducts, eg sweat and mammary glands

Answer 16

Exocrine glands

Question 17

Three types of glands by method of secretion

Answer 17

Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

Question 18

glands that make vesicles with watery secretions, cell is not damaged, eg tears, spit, some sweat

Answer 18

Merocrine

Question 19

glands that make milky secretions, cell is damaged but doesn’t die, eg mammary glands, axillary sweat glands

Answer 19

Apocrine

Question 20

glands that produce oily secretions, cell is damaged and dies, eg sebaceous glands

Answer 20

Holocrine

Question 21

type of tissue that lines the stomach

Answer 21

simple columnar epithelium

Question 22

connective tissue in walls of stomach

Answer 22

Areolar and dense

Question 23

type of muscle in walls of stomach

Answer 23

smooth muscle

Question 24

4 types of membranes

Answer 24

Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, Synovial

Question 25

type of membrane that produces mucus

Answer 25

Mucous membrane

Question 26

type of membrane that creates serous fluids that lubricate opposing surfaces

Answer 26

Serous membranes

Question 27

Where are mucus membranes found

Answer 27

found in areas that connect to outside

Question 28

Where are serous membranes found

Answer 28

in body cavities that connect to the outside

Question 29

type of membrane that produces sweat

Answer 29

Cutaneous membrane

Question 30

Where is the cutaneous membrane found

Answer 30

the skin

Question 31

type of membrane that creates synovial fluid which lubricate joints

Answer 31

Synovial membrane

Question 32

Where is the synovial membrane found

Answer 32

in the joints

Question 33

change in type of cell

Answer 33

Metaplasia

Question 34

What is happening when smoking changes trachea from pseudostratified columnar epithelium to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 34

metaplasia

Question 35

increase in size of cells of existing tissue

Answer 35

Hypertrophy

Question 36

increase in the number of cells of a tissue

Answer 36

Hyperplasia

Question 37

tumor or abnormal growth of cells in tissue

Answer 37

Neoplasia

Question 38

decrease in size or number of existing cells

Answer 38

Atrophy

Question 39

term for tissue death

Answer 39

Necrosis

Question 40

Five Changes to aging tissues

Answer 40

``` Cells get smaller Cells get fewer Cells don’t work as well Cells don’t repair/replace as well Cells die ```

Question 41

3 characteristics of epithelial tissues

Answer 41

Cellularity, Polarity, Attachment to a basement membrane

Question 42

epithelial tissue is composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells

Answer 42

Cellularity

Question 43

epithelium has an apical surface exposed to the external environment or internal body space

Answer 43

Polarity

Question 44

epithelial layer is bound at its basal layer to a basement membrane as a molecular barrier and to strengthen the bond to underlying connective tissue

Answer 44

Attachment to a basement membrane

Question 45

A thin layer of connective tissue underlying the epithelium that is a molecular barrier and strengthens the attachment to underlying connective tissue

Answer 45

basement membrane

Question 46

3 layers associated with the basement membrane

Answer 46

Lamina lucida, lamina desa, and reticular lamina

Question 47

a glycoprotein constituent of mucus

Answer 47

mucin

Question 48

Substances that dissolve in water and readily conduct electrical current

Answer 48

electrolytes

Question 49

Clusters of cells that produce a secretion and one or more ducts

Answer 49

acini

Question 50

Unicellular glands that secrete mucin

Answer 50

goblet cell

Question 51

glands that have a single unbranched duct

Answer 51

simple glands

Question 52

glands that have branched ducts

Answer 52

compounds glands

Question 53

tissue that lacks an apical surface; it is the most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed form of tissue

Answer 53

Connective tissue

Question 54

3 classifications of connective tissue

Answer 54

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

Question 55

6 functions of connective tissue

Answer 55

Physical protection, Support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, immune protection

Question 56

bones of the skull and thoracic cage protect delicate organs, adipose tissue cushions organs

Answer 56

Physical protection

Question 57

bones serve as the framework for the body, keep airways open, and provide supportive capsules around kidney and spleen

Answer 57

Support and structural framework

Question 58

Ligaments bind bone to bone; tendons muscle to bone; connective tissue skin to underlying muscle and bone

Answer 58

Binding of structures

Question 59

adipose tissue stores energy, bones store calcium and phosphorus

Answer 59

Storage

Question 60

blood carries gasses, nutrients, and wastes

Answer 60

Transport

Question 61

contains leukocytes and other immune cells

Answer 61

Immune protection

Question 62

Necrosis of soft tissue due to restricted arterial blood flow

Answer 62

gangrene

Question 63

necrosis of the intestine due to an obstruction that restricts blood flow to the intestines

Answer 63

Intestinal gangrene

Question 64

usually occurs when a body part is desiccated, and blood supply is constricted, eg complication of frostbite

Answer 64

Dry gangrene

Question 65

caused by bacterial infection of tissues that have lost their blood supply

Answer 65

Wet gangrene

Question 66

usually in muscle tissue, gas is caused by bacteria clostridium, which invade necrotic tissue and produce gas

Answer 66

Gas gangrene

Question 67

Support, maintenance, and replacement of cells and extracellular matrix becomes less efficient. Epithelia becomes thinner; tissue repair takes longer; bones become brittle; muscle and nervous tissue atrophies

Answer 67

changes that occur to tissues as we age