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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lec Test 1 CH5 > Flashcards

Lec Test 1 CH5 Flashcards

1
Q

relatively undifferentiated cells that grow into a new type of cell

A

Stem cells

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2
Q

What are the four main types of tissue

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue

A

Covers body and organ surfaces, lines body and organ cavities, forms some glands

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4
Q

process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

A

differentiation

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5
Q

the top of the tissue, exposed to the external environment

A

Apical surface

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6
Q

tissue surface attached to the underlying tissue

A

Basal surface

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7
Q

another term for stem cells

A

Mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

state of epithelial tissue where they have no direct blood supply

A

Avascularity

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9
Q

Characteristic of epithelial tissue that describes their ability to continuously replace itself

A

High regeneration capacity

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10
Q

hold epithelial cells together

A

Epithelial junctions

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11
Q

junction close to the surface, hold cells together at the surface

A

Tight junctions

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12
Q

junction that hold cells together at the middle and bottom

A

Desmosomes

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13
Q

junctions that connect cells and make a tube from one cell to the next

A

Gap junctions

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14
Q

feature of epithelial tissue that secretes substances

A

glands

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15
Q

type of glands that make things that are used inside the body and lack ducts, eg hormones

A

Endocrine glands

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16
Q

type of glands that make things use outside the body and have ducts, eg sweat and mammary glands

A

Exocrine glands

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17
Q

Three types of glands by method of secretion

A

Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

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18
Q

glands that make vesicles with watery secretions, cell is not damaged, eg tears, spit, some sweat

A

Merocrine

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19
Q

glands that make milky secretions, cell is damaged but doesn’t die, eg mammary glands, axillary sweat glands

A

Apocrine

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20
Q

glands that produce oily secretions, cell is damaged and dies, eg sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine

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21
Q

type of tissue that lines the stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium

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22
Q

connective tissue in walls of stomach

A

Areolar and dense

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23
Q

type of muscle in walls of stomach

A

smooth muscle

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24
Q

4 types of membranes

A

Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, Synovial

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25
Q

type of membrane that produces mucus

A

Mucous membrane

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26
Q

type of membrane that creates serous fluids that lubricate opposing surfaces

A

Serous membranes

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27
Q

Where are mucus membranes found

A

found in areas that connect to outside

28
Q

Where are serous membranes found

A

in body cavities that connect to the outside

29
Q

type of membrane that produces sweat

A

Cutaneous membrane

30
Q

Where is the cutaneous membrane found

A

the skin

31
Q

type of membrane that creates synovial fluid which lubricate joints

A

Synovial membrane

32
Q

Where is the synovial membrane found

A

in the joints

33
Q

change in type of cell

A

Metaplasia

34
Q

What is happening when smoking changes trachea from pseudostratified columnar epithelium to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

metaplasia

35
Q

increase in size of cells of existing tissue

A

Hypertrophy

36
Q

increase in the number of cells of a tissue

A

Hyperplasia

37
Q

tumor or abnormal growth of cells in tissue

A

Neoplasia

38
Q

decrease in size or number of existing cells

A

Atrophy

39
Q

term for tissue death

A

Necrosis

40
Q

Five Changes to aging tissues

A 
Cells get smaller
 Cells get fewer
 Cells don’t work as well
 Cells don’t repair/replace as well
 Cells die
41
Q

3 characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

Cellularity, Polarity, Attachment to a basement membrane

42
Q

epithelial tissue is composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells

A

Cellularity

43
Q

epithelium has an apical surface exposed to the external environment or internal body space

A

Polarity

44
Q

epithelial layer is bound at its basal layer to a basement membrane as a molecular barrier and to strengthen the bond to underlying connective tissue

A

Attachment to a basement membrane

45
Q

A thin layer of connective tissue underlying the epithelium that is a molecular barrier and strengthens the attachment to underlying connective tissue

A

basement membrane

46
Q

3 layers associated with the basement membrane

A

Lamina lucida, lamina desa, and reticular lamina

47
Q

a glycoprotein constituent of mucus

A

mucin

48
Q

Substances that dissolve in water and readily conduct electrical current

A

electrolytes

49
Q

Clusters of cells that produce a secretion and one or more ducts

A

acini

50
Q

Unicellular glands that secrete mucin

A

goblet cell

51
Q

glands that have a single unbranched duct

A

simple glands

52
Q

glands that have branched ducts

A

compounds glands

53
Q

tissue that lacks an apical surface; it is the most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed form of tissue

A

Connective tissue

54
Q

3 classifications of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

55
Q

6 functions of connective tissue

A

Physical protection, Support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, immune protection

56
Q

bones of the skull and thoracic cage protect delicate organs, adipose tissue cushions organs

A

Physical protection

57
Q

bones serve as the framework for the body, keep airways open, and provide supportive capsules around kidney and spleen

A

Support and structural framework

58
Q

Ligaments bind bone to bone; tendons muscle to bone; connective tissue skin to underlying muscle and bone

A

Binding of structures

59
Q

adipose tissue stores energy, bones store calcium and phosphorus

A

Storage

60
Q

blood carries gasses, nutrients, and wastes

A

Transport

61
Q

contains leukocytes and other immune cells

A

Immune protection

62
Q

Necrosis of soft tissue due to restricted arterial blood flow

A

gangrene

63
Q

necrosis of the intestine due to an obstruction that restricts blood flow to the intestines

A

Intestinal gangrene

64
Q

usually occurs when a body part is desiccated, and blood supply is constricted, eg complication of frostbite

A

Dry gangrene

65
Q

caused by bacterial infection of tissues that have lost their blood supply

A

Wet gangrene

66
Q

usually in muscle tissue, gas is caused by bacteria clostridium, which invade necrotic tissue and produce gas

A

Gas gangrene

67
Q

Support, maintenance, and replacement of cells and extracellular matrix becomes less efficient. Epithelia becomes thinner; tissue repair takes longer; bones become brittle; muscle and nervous tissue atrophies

A

changes that occur to tissues as we age

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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