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Anatomy and Physiology I > LC 4-14 (1) > Flashcards

LC 4-14 (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Specific segments of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatome (dermatome maps fig 14.13)

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2
Q

Disorder of reactivation of chicken pox virus

A

shingles

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3
Q

Three Sensory pathways

A

Primary sensory neuron, secondary sensory neuron, tertiary

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4
Q

first neuron in chain, unipolar neuron picks up signals from eg hand, sends to spinal cord, cell body in posterior root ganglia, synapses in dorsal horn of spinal cord, axon projects to secondary neuron within CNS

A

Primary Sensory Neuron

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5
Q

interneuron, multipolar, cell body in the posterior horn of the spinal cord, axon sends signal to thalamus

A

Secondary sensory neuron

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6
Q

interneuron in thalamus, multipolar, cell body in thalamus, sends signal to primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) in parietal lobe, ends up connecting with motor portion

A

Tertiary neuron

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7
Q

upper and lower motor neuron

A

Two Motor pathways

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8
Q

multipolar, cell body in primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) in frontal lobe, sends signals to lower motor neuron, syanpses in anterior horn of spinal cord

A

Upper motor neuron

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9
Q

multipolar, cell body in anterior horn of spinal cord, sends signal out through anterior root of spinal cord, sends signal to muscle

A

Lower motor neuron

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10
Q

Upper motor neuron problems cause what

A

spastic issues

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11
Q

Lower motor neuron causes what issues

A

weakness and flaccid issues

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12
Q

Rapid, pre-programmed, involuntary reactions of muscles and glands, survival mechanisms

A

reflexes

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13
Q

5 steps of reflex arc

A

Stimulus activates receptor, nerve signal travels through sensory neuron to spinal cord, signal is processed by interneurons, motor neuron transmits signal to effector, effector responds to signal

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14
Q

Reflex effecting same side

A

Ipsilateral reflexes

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15
Q

Reflex effecting other side

A

Contralateral reflex

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16
Q

Simplest of all reflexes, one synapse, two neurons

A

monosynaptic reflex

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17
Q

Reflex involving more than 1 synapse and more than 2 neurons

A

Polysynaptic reflex

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18
Q

Reflexes that only use spinal cord, not brain, still present in paralyzed people

A

Spinal reflexes

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19
Q

Monosynaptic, ipsilateral reflex, reflexive contraction of muscle after stretching, muscle that detects the stretch is what contracts

A

stretch reflex

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20
Q

Shutting down muscles on other side during stretch reflex to prevent overstretch, eg inhibit triceps during biceps stretch

A

Reciprocal inhibition

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21
Q

Polysynaptic, ipsilateral reflex, detects overcontraction and causes muscle to relax

A

Golgi tendon reflex

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22
Q

Contraction of muscles on other side to prevent overcontraction, eg activation of triceps brachii during full flexion of biceps brachii

A

Reciprocal activation

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23
Q

Polysynaptic, ipsilateral reflex, tend to be in response to painful or surprising stimuli, motor neurons signaled to flex

A

Withdrawal reflex

24
Q

Polysynaptic, contralateral reflex, causes other side to extend, eg withdrawal reflex from painful stimuli while extending opposite side

A

Crossed-extensor reflex

25
Q

Reflex diminished or absent, may indicate nerve, muscle, or tendon damage

A

Hypoactive reflex

26
Q

Abnormally strong reflex, almost always due to brain trauma

A

Hyperactive reflex

27
Q

Segments of skin supplied by single spinal nerve; can be used to indicate spinal nerve damage or referred pain from an organ also supplied by the nerve

A

dermatome

28
Q

What are the three characteristics common to most nervous system pathways

A

Travel through white matter of the spinal cord, have paired tracts of sensory and motor pathways, each pathway has 2 or 3 neurons working in a chain

29
Q

When a pathway affects the opposite side of the body the stimuli was received on

A

contralateral

30
Q

When a pathway affects the same side of the body the stimuli was received on

A

ipsilateral

31
Q

AKA ascending pathways; carry info about proprioception, touch, temperature, pain, damage, etc. towards CNS; includes somatosensory and viscerosensory; at least 2 sensory neurons in path

A

sensory pathway

32
Q

First neuron in chain; detects stimuli with dendrite receptors; cell bodies in posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves; axon projecting to secondary neuron within CNS

A

Primary neuron

33
Q

Interneuron; cell body within posterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem nucleus; axons project to thalamus or cerebellum or olfactory cortex (smell only)

A

Secondary neuron

34
Q

If secondary neuron projected to thalamus, then there is a _________ in the path (if projected to cerebellum or olfactory cortex, the path ended there); interneurons; cell body in thalamus; axons project to somatosensory cortex

A

Tertiary neuron

35
Q

AKA descending pathways; carry information to control effectors in response to stimuli; includes somatomotor and autonomic/viscera motor pathways; may have only 1 motor neuron in the case of reflexes; otherwise at least 2 motor neurons

A

motor pathway

36
Q

Cell body within cerebral cortex; axons project to lower motor neurons; excites or inhibits activity of lower motor neuron

A

Upper motor neuron

37
Q

Cell bodies within anterior horn of spinal cord; exits CNS and project to skeletal muscle; always excitatory

A

Lower motor neuron

38
Q

What are the 4 main properties of a reflex

A

stimulus, rapid response, preprogrammed response, involuntary response

39
Q

Property of a reflex required to initiate reflex

A

stimulus

40
Q

Property of a reflex required few neurons and synaptic delay is minimal

A

rapid response

41
Q

Property of a reflex that occurs the same way every time

A

preprogrammed response

42
Q

Property of a reflex requiring no conscious intent of preawareness

A

involuntary response

43
Q

What are the five steps involved in activation of a reflex

A

(1) Stimulus activates a receptor, (2) sensory neuron sends signal to the CNS, (3) information is processed and transmitted to motor neuron, (4) motor neuron transmits signal to an effector, (5) the effector responds to the nerve signal

44
Q

Type of reflex where both receptor and effector are on same side of spinal cord

A

ipsilateral

45
Q

Type of reflex where receptor and effector are on opposite sides of spinal cord

A

contralateral reflex

46
Q

Quickest/simplest reflex path; no interneurons involved; sensory axons directly synapsing on motor neurons; so only one synapse needed; usually very simple response

A

monosynaptic reflex

47
Q

More complex/slower pathways; interneurons involved; multiple synapses needed to complete arc; more involved effector responses possible

A

polysynaptic reflex

48
Q

Monosynaptic reflex that regulates skeletal muscle length; after stretching of a muscle - reflexive muscle contraction results in muscle shortening

A

Stretch reflex

49
Q

Polysynaptic reflex that prevents muscles from contracting excessively; after contracting of a muscle-reflexive muscle relaxation results in muscle lengthening

A

Golgi tendon reflex

50
Q

Polysynaptic ipsilateral reflex that pulls afflicted limb away from painful stimuli; signals contraction/relaxation of muscles as needed

A

Withdrawal reflex

51
Q

Polysynaptic, contralateral reflex that signals the opposite side of the body to move away from a painful stimuli; often in conjunction with withdrawal reflex

A

Crossed-extensor reflex

52
Q

(Low) reflex diminished or absent; may indicate damage to spinal cord, muscle, or neuromuscular junction

A

Hypoactive reflex

53
Q

(High) abnormally strong response; may indicate damage in brain or spinal cord

A

Hyperactive reflex

54
Q

Part of the brain that creates dopamine

A

Substantia nigra

55
Q

Part of the limbic system that helps with memory

A

Hippocampus

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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