LC 4-14 (1)

Question 1

Specific segments of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

Answer 1

Dermatome (dermatome maps fig 14.13)

Question 2

Disorder of reactivation of chicken pox virus

Answer 2

shingles

Question 3

Three Sensory pathways

Answer 3

Primary sensory neuron, secondary sensory neuron, tertiary

Question 4

first neuron in chain, unipolar neuron picks up signals from eg hand, sends to spinal cord, cell body in posterior root ganglia, synapses in dorsal horn of spinal cord, axon projects to secondary neuron within CNS

Answer 4

Primary Sensory Neuron

Question 5

interneuron, multipolar, cell body in the posterior horn of the spinal cord, axon sends signal to thalamus

Answer 5

Secondary sensory neuron

Question 6

interneuron in thalamus, multipolar, cell body in thalamus, sends signal to primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) in parietal lobe, ends up connecting with motor portion

Answer 6

Tertiary neuron

Question 7

upper and lower motor neuron

Answer 7

Two Motor pathways

Question 8

multipolar, cell body in primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) in frontal lobe, sends signals to lower motor neuron, syanpses in anterior horn of spinal cord

Answer 8

Upper motor neuron

Question 9

multipolar, cell body in anterior horn of spinal cord, sends signal out through anterior root of spinal cord, sends signal to muscle

Answer 9

Lower motor neuron

Question 10

Upper motor neuron problems cause what

Answer 10

spastic issues

Question 11

Lower motor neuron causes what issues

Answer 11

weakness and flaccid issues

Question 12

Rapid, pre-programmed, involuntary reactions of muscles and glands, survival mechanisms

Answer 12

reflexes

Question 13

5 steps of reflex arc

Answer 13

Stimulus activates receptor, nerve signal travels through sensory neuron to spinal cord, signal is processed by interneurons, motor neuron transmits signal to effector, effector responds to signal

Question 14

Reflex effecting same side

Answer 14

Ipsilateral reflexes

Question 15

Reflex effecting other side

Answer 15

Contralateral reflex

Question 16

Simplest of all reflexes, one synapse, two neurons

Answer 16

monosynaptic reflex

Question 17

Reflex involving more than 1 synapse and more than 2 neurons

Answer 17

Polysynaptic reflex

Question 18

Reflexes that only use spinal cord, not brain, still present in paralyzed people

Answer 18

Spinal reflexes

Question 19

Monosynaptic, ipsilateral reflex, reflexive contraction of muscle after stretching, muscle that detects the stretch is what contracts

Answer 19

stretch reflex

Question 20

Shutting down muscles on other side during stretch reflex to prevent overstretch, eg inhibit triceps during biceps stretch

Answer 20

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 21

Polysynaptic, ipsilateral reflex, detects overcontraction and causes muscle to relax

Answer 21

Golgi tendon reflex

Question 22

Contraction of muscles on other side to prevent overcontraction, eg activation of triceps brachii during full flexion of biceps brachii

Answer 22

Reciprocal activation

Question 23

Polysynaptic, ipsilateral reflex, tend to be in response to painful or surprising stimuli, motor neurons signaled to flex

Answer 23

Withdrawal reflex

Question 24

Polysynaptic, contralateral reflex, causes other side to extend, eg withdrawal reflex from painful stimuli while extending opposite side

Answer 24

Crossed-extensor reflex

Question 25

Reflex diminished or absent, may indicate nerve, muscle, or tendon damage

Answer 25

Hypoactive reflex

Question 26

Abnormally strong reflex, almost always due to brain trauma

Answer 26

Hyperactive reflex

Question 27

Segments of skin supplied by single spinal nerve; can be used to indicate spinal nerve damage or referred pain from an organ also supplied by the nerve

Answer 27

dermatome

Question 28

What are the three characteristics common to most nervous system pathways

Answer 28

Travel through white matter of the spinal cord, have paired tracts of sensory and motor pathways, each pathway has 2 or 3 neurons working in a chain

Question 29

When a pathway affects the opposite side of the body the stimuli was received on

Answer 29

contralateral

Question 30

When a pathway affects the same side of the body the stimuli was received on

Answer 30

ipsilateral

Question 31

AKA ascending pathways; carry info about proprioception, touch, temperature, pain, damage, etc. towards CNS; includes somatosensory and viscerosensory; at least 2 sensory neurons in path

Answer 31

sensory pathway

Question 32

First neuron in chain; detects stimuli with dendrite receptors; cell bodies in posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves; axon projecting to secondary neuron within CNS

Answer 32

Primary neuron

Question 33

Interneuron; cell body within posterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem nucleus; axons project to thalamus or cerebellum or olfactory cortex (smell only)

Answer 33

Secondary neuron

Question 34

If secondary neuron projected to thalamus, then there is a _________ in the path (if projected to cerebellum or olfactory cortex, the path ended there); interneurons; cell body in thalamus; axons project to somatosensory cortex

Answer 34

Tertiary neuron

Question 35

AKA descending pathways; carry information to control effectors in response to stimuli; includes somatomotor and autonomic/viscera motor pathways; may have only 1 motor neuron in the case of reflexes; otherwise at least 2 motor neurons

Answer 35

motor pathway

Question 36

Cell body within cerebral cortex; axons project to lower motor neurons; excites or inhibits activity of lower motor neuron

Answer 36

Upper motor neuron

Question 37

Cell bodies within anterior horn of spinal cord; exits CNS and project to skeletal muscle; always excitatory

Answer 37

Lower motor neuron

Question 38

What are the 4 main properties of a reflex

Answer 38

stimulus, rapid response, preprogrammed response, involuntary response

Question 39

Property of a reflex required to initiate reflex

Answer 39

stimulus

Question 40

Property of a reflex required few neurons and synaptic delay is minimal

Answer 40

rapid response

Question 41

Property of a reflex that occurs the same way every time

Answer 41

preprogrammed response

Question 42

Property of a reflex requiring no conscious intent of preawareness

Answer 42

involuntary response

Question 43

What are the five steps involved in activation of a reflex

Answer 43

(1) Stimulus activates a receptor, (2) sensory neuron sends signal to the CNS, (3) information is processed and transmitted to motor neuron, (4) motor neuron transmits signal to an effector, (5) the effector responds to the nerve signal

Question 44

Type of reflex where both receptor and effector are on same side of spinal cord

Answer 44

ipsilateral

Question 45

Type of reflex where receptor and effector are on opposite sides of spinal cord

Answer 45

contralateral reflex

Question 46

Quickest/simplest reflex path; no interneurons involved; sensory axons directly synapsing on motor neurons; so only one synapse needed; usually very simple response

Answer 46

monosynaptic reflex

Question 47

More complex/slower pathways; interneurons involved; multiple synapses needed to complete arc; more involved effector responses possible

Answer 47

polysynaptic reflex

Question 48

Monosynaptic reflex that regulates skeletal muscle length; after stretching of a muscle - reflexive muscle contraction results in muscle shortening

Answer 48

Stretch reflex

Question 49

Polysynaptic reflex that prevents muscles from contracting excessively; after contracting of a muscle-reflexive muscle relaxation results in muscle lengthening

Answer 49

Golgi tendon reflex

Question 50

Polysynaptic ipsilateral reflex that pulls afflicted limb away from painful stimuli; signals contraction/relaxation of muscles as needed

Answer 50

Withdrawal reflex

Question 51

Polysynaptic, contralateral reflex that signals the opposite side of the body to move away from a painful stimuli; often in conjunction with withdrawal reflex

Answer 51

Crossed-extensor reflex

Question 52

(Low) reflex diminished or absent; may indicate damage to spinal cord, muscle, or neuromuscular junction

Answer 52

Hypoactive reflex

Question 53

(High) abnormally strong response; may indicate damage in brain or spinal cord

Answer 53

Hyperactive reflex

Question 54

Part of the brain that creates dopamine

Answer 54

Substantia nigra

Question 55

Part of the limbic system that helps with memory

Answer 55

Hippocampus